Social cognitive theory is founded on an agentic perspective. This article reviews the core features of human agency and the individual, proxy, and collective forms in which it is exercised. Agency ...operates through a triadic codetermination process of causation. Knowledge from this line of theorizing is widely applied to effect individual and social change, including worldwide applications that address some of the most urgent global problems.
Immersive virtual reality (VR) is predicted to have a significant impact on education; but most studies investigating learning with immersive VR have reported mixed results when compared to ...low-immersion media. In this study, a sample of 118 participants was used to test whether a lesson presented in either immersive VR or as a video could benefit from the pre-training principle, as a means of reducing cognitive load. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two method conditions (with/without pre-training), and one of two media conditions (immersive VR/video). The results showed an interaction between media and method, indicating that pre-training had a positive effect on knowledge (d = 0.81), transfer (d = 0.62), and self-efficacy (d = 0.64) directly following the intervention; and on self-efficacy (d = 0.84) in a one-week delayed post-test in the immersive VR condition. No effect was found for any of these variables within the video condition.
•An interaction between media and method in learning was investigated.•The pre-training principle was tested when learning about cells with VR and a video.•Pre-training increased knowledge, transfer, and self-efficacy only in VR.•There was a main effect for perceived enjoyment indicating higher enjoyment in VR.•Results provide evidence for a media effect through an interaction with instructional method.
Grounded in Bandura’s (2001) social cognitive theory of mass communication and Giles' (2002) model of parasocial relationship (PSR) development, the current research examines how a viewer's wishful ...identification with an online video game streaming personality and emotional engagement with other viewers lead to behavioral loyalty through PSR with their favorite live-streamer. To test the proposed mediation model, the researchers conducted a survey using a representative sample drawn from a national panel of a professional survey firm in South Korea. Results of a mediation analysis employing structural equation modeling reveal that both wishful identification and emotional engagement have indirect effects on behavioral loyalty through PSR. Put another way, a viewer's likeliness to continue viewing a live-streaming game increase as the viewer develops stronger PSR. The current research also demonstrates that wishful identification and engagement with others/streamers develop into PSR, as suggested by Giles' PSR development model.
•Social cognitive theory explains the behavior of viewing live-streaming games.•We examine the role of parasocial relationships (PSR) in repeated viewing.•Wishful identification (WI) and emotional engagement (EE) predict PSR.•PSR has a positive effect on repeated viewing.•PSR fully mediates the effect of WI and EE on repeated viewing.
Most university students do not engage in enough physical activity (PA) despite the known physical and mental health benefits. Action control theories such as the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) ...framework have been proposed to better understand the translation of intentions into action by incorporating post-intentional processes. However, the explanatory power of the M-PAC framework beyond traditional social cognitive constructs has received limited attention. This study examined the predictive utility of the M-PAC framework for explaining variance in self-reported and device-measured PA behavior among university students. A total of 2418 undergraduate students (Mean age = 19.1 ± 1.73 SD years) completed an online survey that included a self-reported measure of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) as well as constructs outlined in the M-PAC framework: instrumental and affective attitudes, perceived capability and opportunity, behavioral regulation, habit and identity. A subsample (n = 376) also wore an ActiGraph wGT3x-BT accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for seven full days to assess MVPA. Robust linear regression models were computed to investigate associations between M-PAC framework constructs and PA behavior. Findings showed the M-PAC framework explained as high as 14.3 % and 37.9 % of the variance in device-measured and self-reported MVPA, respectively. Regulatory (behavioral regulation), and reflexive (habit and identity) processes were significant predictors of self-reported MVPA when examining the full M-PAC framework, whereas the role identity dimension of PA identity was the only significant predictor of device-assessed MVPA. Taken together, these results reinforce the importance of post-intentional processes, specifically role identity, in understanding PA behavior among university students.
•Highlights: (3–5; no more than 85 characters).•Frameworks that include post-intentional processes have superior explanatory power.•Theoretical frameworks have lower predictive ability with device-based physical activity.•Role identity is a robust predictor of physical activity among university students.
This study examines the influence of the tertius iungens orientation on knowledge-sharing activities and individual job performance within enterprise social media environments. The empirical analysis ...reveals that knowledge self-efficacy, social interaction ties, and the norm of reciprocity positively influence the tertius iungens orientation and knowledge-sharing activities in social media, while enjoyment of helping does not have a significant influence. In addition, the tertius iungens orientation has a significant impact on knowledge-sharing activities in social media, which in turn influences individual job performance. Based on the results of this analysis, this study discusses the research findings and proposes theoretical and practical implications of the study as well as the research's limitations.
•The influence of tertius iungens orientation within social media context.•The impact of individual and social factors on tertius iungens orientation.•The relationship between tertius iungens orientation & knowledge-sharing activities.•The indirect effect of tertius iungens orientation on individual job performance.•Theoretical and practical implications for enterprise knowledge management.
An understanding of physical activity through mediators of behaviour change is important to evaluate the efficacy of interventions. The purpose of this review is to update prior reviews with ...meta-analysis to evaluate the state of physical activity interventions that include proposed mediators of behaviour change. Literature was identified through searching for five key databases. Studies were eligible if they described a published experimental or quasi-experimental trial in English examining the effect of an intervention on physical activity behaviour and mediators in non-clinical adult populations with the necessary statistical information to be included in the meta-analytic structural equation modelling analysis. Fifty-one articles (49 samples) met the eligibility criteria. Small overall effects were identified for mediation paths a (r = .16; 95% CI = .10 to .22), b (r = .21; 95% CI .16 to .27), and c (r = .24; 95% CI .12 to .35), c′ (r = .05 to .19) and ab (r = .02 to .07) that showed similar findings by theory and construct. The effect sizes seen in physical activity interventions are mediated by our current theories, but the effects are very small and no one construct/theory appears to be a critical driver of the mediated effect compared to any other. Innovation and increased fidelity of interventions is needed.
Drawing on the theoretical framework of social cognitive theory, our study explores the multilevel mediation model in which moral disengagement (level‐1) mediates the direct relationships between ...knowledge hiding by supervisors from subordinates (KHSS: level‐2) and supervisor directed organizational citizenship behavior (SOCB: level‐1) and supervisor directed silence (SS: level‐1). Drawing on multi‐sourced, multi‐timed, and multilevel data of 306 subordinates nested within 83 supervisors, multilevel structural equation modeling (ML‐SEM) was used to test the proposed model. The results demonstrate that KHSS, first, fosters subordinates’ moral disengagement, which in turn reduces their SOCB and enhances their SS. Our findings offer several useful theoretical and managerial implications of the negative consequences of supervisor knowledge hiding in organizations. As one of the first studies to provide empirical evidence for the existence of supervisor knowledge hiding (i.e. KHSS), this research highlights the consequences of KHSS on subordinates’ moral disengagement, SOCB, and SS.
▶ Higher educational programmes have the possibility to enhance students’ self-efficacy. ▶ Social cognitive theory based programmes can successfully enhance students’ self-efficacy. ▶ Several factors ...based on social cognitive theory enhance student's self-efficacy. ▶ Research provides evidence for the potency of the main sources of self-efficacy.
Researchers working in educational settings are increasingly paying attention to the role students’ thoughts and beliefs play in the learning process. Self-efficacy, a key element of social cognitive theory, appears to be an important variable because it affects students’ motivation and learning. This article investigates empirical literature about the role of students’ self-efficacy in education by focusing on the following research question: which are the factors shown to affect the self-efficacy of students within higher educational settings? The results of a review reveal that educational programmes have the possibility to enhance students’ self-efficacy, and that educational programmes based on social cognitive theory proved to be particularly successful on this score. Several factors appeared to influence students’ self-efficacy and provided evidence of the potency of the main sources of self-efficacy. Directions for future research are indicated.
A Unified Model of Depression Beck, Aaron T.; Bredemeier, Keith
Clinical psychological science,
07/2016, Volume:
4, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We propose that depression can be viewed as an adaptation to conserve energy after the perceived loss of an investment in a vital resource such as a relationship, group identity, or personal asset. ...Tendencies to process information negatively and experience strong biological reactions to stress (resulting from genes, trauma, or both) can lead to depressogenic beliefs about the self, world, and future. These tendencies are mediated by alterations in brain areas/networks involved in cognition and emotion regulation. Depressogenic beliefs predispose individuals to make cognitive appraisals that amplify perceptions of loss, typically in response to stressors that impact available resources. Clinical features of severe depression (e.g., anhedonia, anergia) result from these appraisals and biological reactions that they trigger (e.g., autonomic, immune, neurochemical). These symptoms were presumably adaptive in our evolutionary history, but are maladaptive in contemporary times. Thus, severe depression can be considered an anachronistic manifestation of an evolutionarily based “program.”
•Conducted a literature review of cyberbullying on social networking sites (SNSs).•Identified research themes and patterns of published studies on SNS bullying.•Developed an integrative framework for ...SNS bullying using social cognitive theory.•Delineated the triadic reciprocal relationships between perpetrators, victims, and bystanders.•Identified research avenues and questions for future research on SNS bullying.
Cyberbullying on social networking sites is an emerging societal issue that has drawn significant scholarly attention. The purpose of this study is to consolidate the existing knowledge through a literature review and analysis. We first discuss the nature, research patterns, and theoretical foundations. We then develop an integrative framework based on social cognitive theory to synthesize what is known and identify what remains to be learned, with a focus on the triadic reciprocal relationships between perpetrators, victims, and bystanders. We discuss the key findings and highlight opportunities for future research. We conclude this paper by noting research contributions and limitations.
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