The article aims to do specific and relevant observations regarding the collective redress in Europe. This is a polemic and enigmatic subject, which has been receiving increasing attention from ...European political agents. It is also be analyzed the possibility of using collective redress instruments to regulate situations of mass damage, as well as the responses given by Europe to this demand. Finally, it is imperative to emphasize that the present paper does not have the pretension to state if there is some superior model of protection and compensation. The article only intends to critically describe the current scenario, in an attempt to optimize all options for better protection of the collective damages.
Some jurists believe that the judicial process is not adequate for these lawsuits when they are transnational, but in fact, neither is it when they are national. It is true that a transnational claim ...is challenging in terms of applicable law, the search for national lawyers, the search of evidence and even the translations. But actually all inconveniences are based upon a very old mentality linked with the also very old ‘de minimis non curat praetor’. Whoever thinks that dealing with transnational small claims is not really feasible, does not see how to deal with them adequately in domestic law either. These authors also think that the resolution of small claims should be transferred to mediation –often useless–, to consumer arbitration, whose institutional development as parallel to state justice is extremely complicated, or even to collective redress, although in the vast majority of cases there is not really a group of stakeholders that can be managed together. Furthermore, organizing this kind of collective redress is very difficult. It’s maybe necessary to remember that class-actions in the US almost never reach the trial phase.
Through an ethnographic study of the policy of reparation to victims in Colombia, this article examines the processes of the production of expert knowledge along different scales and disputes of ...humanitarian bureaucracies in Colombia. These emerge from the institutional deployment of development and peacebuilding paradigms, at least since 1982, with the creation of the National Rehabilitation Plan (PNR), the Social Solidarity Network (RSS) in 1994, the Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation in 2002, and the Department of Social Prosperity (DPS) in 2011. With the subjugation of some paramilitary groups in 2006 (Justice and Peace Law), the Victims and Land Restitution Law in 2011, and the peace agreements with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People’s Army (FARC-EP) guerrillas in 2016, transitional institutions associated with truth, justice, and reparation proliferated, and with them, specific bureaucracies and expertise. Thus, the article specifically examines the technical and political tensions between different professional and ideological configurations associated with the implementation of reparations policy and how these disputes are essential to understanding the moral and ideological dimensions of humanitarianism and development in Colombia. It also studies the role of cooperation agencies in inter-institutional strengthening as a specific dimension of the formation of the Colombian State. These articulations configure a moral economy of humanitarianism characterized by institutional experimentalism and the formulation of social projects, expectations, plans, and ideas that never reach the status of having been realized. This strips such policies of any transformative or emancipatory potential. Thus, from an ethnographic perspective, the article provides an account of the techno-political tensions of humanitarian bureaucracies at the middle scales of regional, national, and global institutional structures.
Mediante un estudio etnográfico de la política de reparación a víctimas en Colombia, el artículo estudia los procesos de producción de conocimiento experto a lo largo de diferentes escalas y disputas de las burocracias humanitarias en Colombia. Estas emergen del despliegue institucional de paradigmas de desarrollo y construcción de paz, por lo menos desde 1982, con la creación del Plan Nacional de Rehabilitación (PNR), la Red de Solidaridad Social (RSS) en 1994, la Agencia Presidencial de Acción Social y Cooperación Internacional en 2002 y el Departamento de Prosperidad Social (DPS) en 2011. Con el proceso de sometimiento de algunos grupos paramilitares en 2006 (Ley de Justicia y Paz), la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras en 2011 y los acuerdos de paz con la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) en 2016, proliferaron instituciones transicionales asociadas a la verdad, la justicia y la reparación, y con ellas, burocracias y experticias específicas. De esta manera, el artículo explora, en particular, las tensiones técnicas y políticas entre diferentes configuraciones profesionales e ideológicas asociadas a la implementación de la política de reparación y cómo estas disputas son esenciales para entender las dimensiones morales e ideológicas del humanitarismo y el desarrollo en Colombia. Además, se estudia el rol de las agencias de cooperación en el fortalecimiento interinstitucional como una dimensión específica de la formación del Estado colombiano. Estas articulaciones configuran una economía moral del humanitarismo que se caracteriza por el experimentalismo institucional y la formulación de proyectos sociales, expectativas, planes e ideas que nunca alcanzan el estatus de haberse realizado, lo que despoja a dichas políticas de cualquier potencial transformador o emancipador. De este modo, desde una perspectiva etnográfica, el artículo da cuenta de las tensiones tecno-políticas de las burocracias humanitarias en escalas medias de estructuras institucionales regionales, nacionales y globales.
A partir de um estudo etnográfico da política de reparação a vítimas na Colômbia, este artigo estuda os processos de produção de conhecimento especializado ao longo de diferentes escalas e disputas das burocracias humanitárias nesse país. Estas emergem do desenvolvimento institucional de paradigmas de desenvolvimento e construção de paz, pelo menos desde 1982, com a criação do Plano Nacional de Reabilitação (PNR), da Rede de Solidariedade Social (RSS) em 1994, da Agência Presidencial de Ação Social e Cooperação Internacional em 2002 e do Departamento de Prosperidade Social (DPS) em 2011. Com o processo de submissão de alguns grupos paramilitares em 2006 (Lei de Justiça e Paz), a Lei de Vítimas e Restituição de Terras em 2011 e os acordos de paz com a guerrilha das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia - Exército do Povo (FARC-EP) em 2016, proliferaram instituições de transição associadas à verdade, à justiça e à reparação, e, com elas, burocracias e especialidades. Dessa maneira, este artigo explora, em particular, as tensões técnicas e políticas entre diferentes configurações profissionais e ideológicas associadas à implementação da política de reparação e como essas disputas são essenciais para entender as dimensões morais e ideológicas do humanitarismo e do desenvolvimento na Colômbia. Além disso, é estudado o papel das agências de cooperação no fortalecimento interinstitucional como uma dimensão específica da formação do Estado colombiano. Essas articulações configuram uma economia moral do humanitarismo que é caracterizada pelo experimentalismo institucional e pela formulação de projetos sociais, expectativas, planos e ideias que nunca se realizam, o que despoja essas políticas de qualquer potencial transformador ou emancipador. Desse modo, de uma perspectiva etnográfica, este texto evidencia as tensões técnico-políticas das burocracias humanitárias em escalas médias de estruturas institucionais regionais, nacionais e globais.
The Member States have sufficient leeway to maintain or flexibly shape the domestic map of consumer enforcement system within the European Union, thus reflecting the sociocultural conditions of the ...Member State concerned. In this study I focus on the consumer redress mechanisms in wider and narrow sense in the Hungarian legal system, highlighting the unique or special solutions.
The development of collective redress in practice depends on the availability of adequate funding. In recent years third-party funding by entrepreneurial parties has become an important source of ...financing collective actions and settlements. Both at the EU level and in most of the Member States third-party litigation funding and related forms of entrepreneurial lawyering have generally been viewed with suspicion, though the new Representative Actions Directive (RAD) does enable third-party funding under certain conditions. The Netherlands is perhaps the Member State best known for its collective redress mechanisms, and the role of third-party funding has been important for its development. This paper discusses the financing of collective redress from a European and Dutch perspective. It assesses in how far EU law, and in particular the RADe, enables the third-party funding and how this has developed in the Netherlands. It concludes that the reluctance in Europe towards third-party funding is still visible, but the RAD and recent developments in the EU acknowledge its importance. As to the Netherlands, considering some restrictions in the latest legislative addition enabling collective action damage claims, it remains to be seen what role Dutch collective redress and developing funding mechanisms will play in Europe and beyond.
PARTICIPATION IN TEST CASES João Paulo Lordelo Guimarães Tavares
Revista eletrônica de direito processual,
04/2021, Volume:
22, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The present article aims to analyze the multiple forms of participation in the judgment of test cases, understood as a kind of collective process, alongside class actions. For this, fundamental ...concepts of collective processes are used, such as the notions of group, group member and conductor of the process, which will serve as a starting point for the analysis of the legislative catalog. Throughout the text, dynamic and atypical means of intervention are proposed as a way of circumventing the problem of participatory deficit. On the other hand, in order to avoid undue procedural delay, it is proposed to assign interventional legitimation ad actum, based on the circumstances of the specific case.
This paper exposes and analyzes the recent reforms undertaken in US federal legislation on class actions, which came into force in December 2018, in the pursuit of improving Collective Procedural ...Law, seeking to extract aspects that may also have relevance for collective redress in the contemporary world and national panorama, at this moment when the Law of Public Civil Action in Brazil completes 35 years of existence.
The present article’s objective is to analyse the Brazilian jurisdiction in transnational collective redress. To do this, an approach to central concepts to the subject is made and, subsequently, it ...is examines some of the discussions that are already being faced in the European Union regarding the jurisdiction in transnational collective cases, especially from the perspective of the Brussels I bis (Regulation 1215/2012). At the end, if exposes the issue of Brazilian jurisdiction in transnational collective redress in comparing with the discussions raised about the European context and with a focus on a proper reading of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015.
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