•Extraction methods of nanocellulose.•Surface modification of cellulose fibers.•Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced nanocomposite processing and applications.•Scaling up Nanocellulose Production ...technology.•Latest patents trends on cellulose nanocomposites.
Cellulose is the biosynthetic product from plants, animals and bacteria. Cellulose is the most abundant polymer having long linear chain like structure composed of (1,4) linked β-D glucopyranosyl units assembled into hierarchical structures of microfibrils with excellent strength and stiffness. And ‘nanocellulose’ refers to the cellulosic materials with defined nano-scale structural dimensions. They may be cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) or bacterial nanocellulose. Nanocellulose is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible with no adverse effects on health and environment. Due to its low thermal expansion coefficient, high aspect ratio, better tensile strength, good mechanical and optical properties, they find many applications in thermo-reversible and tenable hydrogels, paper making, coating additives, food packaging, flexible screens, optically transparent films and light weight materials for ballistic protection, automobile windows. It also find potential in biopharmaceutical applications such as in drug delivery and for fabricating temporary implants with PHB like sutures, stents etc.
Supercapacitors are considered comparatively new generation of electrochemical energy storage devices where their operating principle and charge storage mechanism is more closely associated with ...those of rechargeable batteries than electrostatic capacitors. These devices can be used as devices of choice for future electrical energy storage needs due to their outstanding performance characteristics. Based on their performance, supercapacitors can be placed somewhat in middle of rechargeable batteries and conventional electrostatic capacitors since supercapacitors have higher energy and power densities when compared with electrostatic capacitors and rechargeable batteries respectively. Supercapacitors have seen increased use recently as stand-alone as well as complementary devices along with other energy storage systems such as electrochemical batteries. Therefore, it is believed that supercapacitors can be a potential alternative electrochemical energy storage technology to that of widely commercialised rechargeable batteries especially lithium-ion batteries. In this brief prospective, authors have attempted to present an overview of the evolution of supercapacitor technology and its current/future applications.
•Technological evolution of supercapacitors has been covered.•Supercapacitor has been evaluated as an energy storage device.•Classification of supercapacitors has been discussed.
Flowers are the most fragile plant organ that contains a wide range of variable compounds. Due to their nutritional, pharmacological and aromatic properties, they have been used in several products, ...from food to the pharmaceutical, and textile industries. The supercritical fluid extraction of valuable components has been highlighted in the literature, since their advantages are related to the protection of photosensitivity, oxidizability and volatility of biocompounds, leading to a remarkable benefit of the used method. From pigments to aromatic compounds, passing through the alkaloids, these compounds can be extracted tunning the process conditions or using different strategies during the supercritical fluid extraction. Commercial products have been produced from flowers using this technology, such as the very well-known cannabis. This review intends to present the literature from the last two decades, as well as the challenges and advantages of performing supercritical fluid extraction with this delicate and sensitive raw material: the flowers.
Display omitted
•Flowers have nutritional and pharmacological compounds;•scCO2 extraction protect biocompounds of photosensitivity, oxidizability and volatility;•Flowers compounds recovered using SFE in mild conditions;•Cannabis flowers extraction is an example of economically viable industrial process.
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural biomaterial synthesized by bacteria. It possesses a unique structure of cellulose nanofiber-weaved three-dimensional reticulated network that endows it excellent ...mechanical properties, high water holding capability and outstanding suspension stability. It is also characterized with high purity, high degree of crystallinity, great biocompatibility and biodegradability. Due to these advantages, BC has gained great attentions in both academic and industrial areas. This critical review summarizes the up-to-date development of BC production and application from an industrial perspective. Firstly, a fundamental knowledge of BC's biosynthesis, structure and properties is described, and then recent developments in the industrial fermentation of BC are introduced. Subsequently, the latest commercial applications of BC in the areas of food, personal care, household chemicals, biomedicine, textile, composite resin are summarized. Finally, a brief discussion of future development of BC industry is presented at the end.
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut microbiota, epithelial barrier ...and immune function. The deficiency of HMOs in the bovine milk-based infant formula has been widely recognized as a major culprit for the much higher incidence of immune disorders of formula-fed infants. This report was to give an up-to-date review on the structure characteristics of HMOs and the possible mechanisms, and strategies for their cellular uptake, and metabolism by the gut bacteria and the associated effects on the infant gut microbiome, and immune function. Most previous studies have been carried out in animals or in vitro model systems on the utilization strategies for HMOs in infant bacteria and their roles in infant microbiome, and gut immune function. A few HMO molecules have been synthesized artificially and applied in infant formulas.
•HMOs have diverse structures mostly composed of five sugar residues with a DP of 3–32.•HMOs play important roles in development of infant microbiome and immune function.•HMOs are degraded extra-/intra-cellularly and utilized selectively by infant gut bacteria.•A few HMOs have been synthesized and applied in infant formula milk.•Much more effort is needed to understand the function and mechanism of HMOs in infant health.
ABKS has drawn much attention from research and industry in recent years, an ABKS scheme is an encryption scheme that supports keyword search and access control. Attribute-Based Encryption is a ...public key encryption that enables users to encrypt and decrypt message based on attributes. In a typical implementation, the size of the ciphertext is proportional to the number of attributes associated with it and the decryption time is proportional to the number of attributes used during decryption. Inherit from ABE technology, the computation cost and ciphertext size in most ABKS schemes grow with the complexity of the access policy. On the other hand, we found that the traditional ABKS schemes cannot resist our secret-key-recovery attack. To deal with the above problems, we present new ciphertext policy attribute based encryption with fast keyword search constructions. Our constructions preserve the fine-grained access control inherited from the ABE system while supporting hidden policy and fast keyword search. Our constructions feature multi-value-independent compared with the existing attribute based searchable encryption schemes. The performance analysis demonstrates the efficiency of our constructions. We offer rigorous security proof of our second scheme, which is IND-CKA and IND-CPA secure.
When agricultural goods begin to be transported by those temperatures where value added products can be transported, cold room assessments in industrial applications must be validated. Computational ...feedback can improve the process consistency. Data on coolant and boundary dynamics can be evaluated by means of computer fluid dynamics (CFD). Air speed and air temperature are the distribution parameters in this analysis. When the vegetable temperature is preserved with less variations in the storage room, as well as the required air distribution, the best effects of proper preservations are achieved. With proper air circulation, temperature difference is minimised. Air speed is necessary to protect the cold storage of agricultural products. This project's main objective was to observe the decrease in temperature when PCMs are used within the cold storage space. Most of the experimental results demonstrated that in the event of regular openings of doors, also in the context of electricity failures using PCM, the temperature retained inside the cool space was 1–4.5 °C lower than without PCM, even in the cases of electrical failures using PCM.The present study focuses on applying guidelines to enhance cold room technology for improved outcomes in cold storage. Present work discussed about the reference methods and the techniques used in previous literature with future recommendations.
•Thermodynamic and economic performance of dish-Stirling system are reviewed.•Maximum thermal efficiency reported for dish-Stirling system is 32%.•Energy and Exergy efficiency for the dish-Stirling ...system were 17% and 19% respectively.•60.7% efficiency was obtained for the receiver-Stirling heater configuration.
Solar dish-Stirling system has proved to be the most efficient way to generate electricity using solar energy. Due to the increasing commercialization of this technology, the need for maximizing overall efficiency, and minimizing losses and cost has become an important area of interest for researchers. In the past few years, the research on modeling, thermodynamic performance analysis, simulation studies and techno-economic analysis of solar dish-Stirling engines have gained pace. Many parameters like concentration ratio, absorber temperature, hot side temperature, cold side temperature, regenerator effectiveness, working fluid, dead volume and average working pressure values are generally considered for the performance analysis of dish-Stirling systems. Researchers have observed that by increasing the concentrating ratio, the absorber temperature and thermal efficiency increaseses. The maximum thermal efficiency reported for the dish-Stirling system is 32% at an absorber temperature of 850 K for the concentration ratio of 1300. Although regenerator losses tend to reduce the overall efficiency. Energy and Exergy efficiency for the dish-Stirling system were reported to be 17% and 19% respectively wherein major losses occurred at the receiver. However, thermal efficiency as high as 84% can be obtained for the receiver system. A synthesis of results indicates that dish-Stirling technology can produce power cost-effectively with comparatively better performance than other renewable systems. Moreover, incorporation of hybridization and thermal storage have emerged as a particularly favourable option for more continuous operation of the system.
The goal of this paper is to examine industrial applications for semi-solid castings, and to develop strategies necessary for the wider commercialization of the semi-solid casting process. The ...performance and production techniques of semi-solid castings are reviewed, with the goal of identifying commercial niches where semi-solid castings can provide clear benefits over other casting process. A comparison of mechanical properties between semi-solid castings and other casting processes is presented. In addition, this paper provides an evaluation of the features of the optimal semi-solid casting processes, examines the characteristics of components that would benefit for production by semi-solid casting and describe the types of quality systems that casters need to have in place to make these types of castings. Cost analyses are presented suggesting that rheocasting can complete well with other casting processes.
PDF
