This volume provides an overview of X-ray technology and the historical development of modern CT systems. The main focus of the book is a detailed derivation of reconstruction algorithms in 2D and ...modern 3D cone-beam systems. A thorough analysis of CT artifacts and a discussion of practical issues such as dose considerations give further insight into current CT systems. Although written mainly for graduate students of biomedical engineering, medical physics, medicine (radiology), mathematics, electrical engineering, and physics, practitioners in these fields will also benefit from this book.
Purpose
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) combined with computed tomography (CT) was introduced as a hybrid SPECT/CT imaging modality two decades ago. The main advantage of SPECT/CT ...is the increased specificity achieved through a more precise localization and characterization of functional findings. The improved diagnostic accuracy is also associated with greater diagnostic confidence and better inter-specialty communication.
Methods
This review presents a critical assessment of the relevant literature published so far on the role of SPECT/CT in a variety of clinical conditions. It also includes an update on the established evidence demonstrating both the advantages and limitations of this modality.
Conclusions
For the majority of applications, SPECT/CT should be a routine imaging technique, fully integrated into the clinical decision-making process, including oncology, endocrinology, orthopaedics, paediatrics, and cardiology. Large-scale prospective studies are lacking, however, on the use of SPECT/CT in certain clinical domains such as neurology and lung disorders. The review also presents data on the complementary role of SPECT/CT with other imaging modalities and a comparative analysis, where available.
Objectives
The first purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and calibrated radiographic bone density Hounsfield units (HU) in human jaws, derived ...from micro‐CT and multislice computed tomography (MSCT), respectively. The second aim was to assess the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in evaluating trabecular bone density and microstructure using MSCT and micro‐CT, respectively, as reference gold standards.
Material and methods
Twenty partially edentulous human mandibular cadavers were scanned by three types of CT modalities: MSCT (Philips, Best, the Netherlands), CBCT (3D Accuitomo 170, J Morita, Kyoto, Japan), and micro‐CT (SkyScan 1173, Kontich, Belgium). Image analysis was performed using Amira (v4.1, Visage Imaging Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA), 3Diagnosis (v5.3.1, 3diemme, Cantu, Italy), Geomagic (studio® 2012, Morrisville, NC, USA), and CTAn (v1.11, SkyScan). MSCT, CBCT, and micro‐CT scans of each mandible were matched to select the exact region of interest (ROI). MSCT HU, micro‐CT BV/TV, and CBCT gray value and bone volume fraction of each ROI were derived. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the correlations between corresponding measurement parameters.
Results
Strong correlations were observed between CBCT and MSCT density (r = 0.89) and between CBCT and micro‐CT BV/TV measurements (r = 0.82). Excellent correlation was observed between MSCT HU and micro‐CT BV/TV (r = 0.91). However, significant differences were found between all comparisons pairs (P < 0.001) except for mean measurement between CBCT BV/TV and micro‐CT BV/TV (P = 0.147).
Conclusions
An excellent correlation exists between bone volume fraction and bone density as assessed on micro‐CT and MSCT, respectively. This suggests that bone density measurements could be used to estimate bone microstructural parameters. A strong correlation also was found between CBCT gray values and BV/TV and their gold standards, suggesting the potential of this modality in bone quality assessment at implant site.
OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to conduct a nationwide survey of computed tomography (CT) doses for a wide range of PET-CT and single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography ...(SPECT-CT) imaging procedures, with the aim of generating proposed UK national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs).
METHODSCT protocol and dosimetry data for three PET-CT and seven SPECT-CT examinations were gathered from centres across the UK. Data were divided according to CT purpose (attenuation correction, localization or diagnostic) and third quartile values of scanner average dose metrics were used to generate suggested NDRLs for a range of examination and CT purpose combinations. Achievable doses were also established from the median of the dose distributions.
RESULTSData were obtained from 47 centres, allowing suggested NDRLs to be produced for fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose half-body PET-CT, and parathyroid, post-thyroid ablation, meta-iodobenzylguanidine/octreotide, cardiac and bone SPECT-CT examinations.Variations in dose of up to a factor of 35 were observed for a given examination/CT purpose combination. For fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose half-body PET-CT examination dose levels for the three CT purposes overlapped, which highlights the variability in the way in which CT purposes are interpreted across the UK. This lack of standardization is believed to be the largest contributor to the dose variations that were observed. The survey highlighted the need for targeted optimization work in many centres.
CONCLUSIONSuggested UK NDRLs and achievable doses for six common PET-CT and SPECT-CT examinations have been established as a result of this study.
Featured Cover Tanaka, Masato; Matsubara, Seishiro; Schröder, Jörg ...
International journal for numerical methods in engineering,
12/2022, Volume:
123, Issue:
23
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The cover image is based on the Research Article Analysis of an open foam generated from computerized tomography scans of physical foam samples by Christophe Leblanc et al., ...https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.7008.
Cranial endocasts, or the internal molds of the braincase, are a crucial correlate for investigating the neuroanatomy of extinct vertebrates and tracking brain evolution through deep time. ...Nevertheless, the validity of such studies pivots on the reliability of endocasts as a proxy for brain morphology. Here, we employ micro‐computed tomography imaging, including diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced CT, and a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric framework to examine both size and shape differences between brains and endocasts of two exemplar archosaur taxa – the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). With ontogenetic sampling, we quantitatively evaluate how endocasts differ from brains and whether this deviation changes during development. We find strong size and shape correlations between brains and endocasts, divergent ontogenetic trends in the brain‐to‐endocast correspondence between alligators and chickens, and a comparable magnitude between brain–endocast shape differences and intraspecific neuroanatomical variation. The results have important implications for paleoneurological studies in archosaurs. Notably, we demonstrate that the pattern of endocranial shape variation closely reflects brain shape variation. Therefore, analyses of endocranial morphology are unlikely to generate spurious conclusions about large‐scale trends in brain size and shape. To mitigate any artifacts, however, paleoneurological studies should consider the lower brain–endocast correspondence in the hindbrain relative to the forebrain; higher size and shape correspondences in chickens than alligators throughout postnatal ontogeny; artificially ‘pedomorphic’ shape of endocasts relative to their corresponding brains; and potential biases in both size and shape data due to the lack of control for ontogenetic stages in endocranial sampling.
Considerable changes have occurred in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) during the past four decades, based on improved knowledge of the biology of DTC and on advances in therapy, ...including surgery, the use of radioactive iodine (radioiodine), thyroid hormone treatment and availability of recombinant human TSH. Improved diagnostic tools are available, including determining serum levels of thyroglobulin, neck ultrasonography, imaging (CT, MRI, SPECT-CT and PET-CT), and prognostic classifications have been improved. Patients with low-risk DTC, in whom the risk of thyroid cancer death is <1% and most recurrences can be cured, currently represent the majority of patients. By contrast, patients with high-risk DTC represent 5-10% of all patients. Most thyroid cancer-related deaths occur in this group of patients and recurrences are frequent. Patients with high-risk DTC require more aggressive treatment and follow-up than patients with low-risk DTC. Finally, the strategy for treating patients with intermediate-risk DTC is frequently defined on a case-by-case basis. Prospective trials are needed in well-selected patients with DTC to demonstrate the extent to which treatment and follow-up can be limited without increasing the risk of recurrence and thyroid cancer-related death.
18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is now an integral part of lymphoma staging and management. Because of its greater accuracy compared with CT ...alone, PET/CT is currently routinely performed for staging and for response assessment at the end of treatment in the vast majority of FDG‐avid lymphomas and is the cornerstone of response classification for these lymphomas according to the Lugano classification. Interim PET/CT, typically performed after 2 to 4 of 6 to 8 chemotherapy/chemoimmunotherapy cycles with or without radiation, is commonly performed for prognostication and potential treatment escalation or de‐escalation early in the course of therapy, a concept known as response‐adapted or risk‐adapted treatment. Quantitative PET is an area of growing interest. Metrics, such as the standardized uptake value, changes (Δ) in the standardized uptake value, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis, are being investigated as more reproducible and potentially more accurate predictors of response and prognosis. Despite the progress made in standardizing the use of PET/CT in lymphoma, challenges remain, particularly with respect to its limited positive predictive value, emphasizing the need for more specific molecular probes. This review highlights the most relevant applications of PET/CT in Hodgkin and B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, its strengths and limitations, as well as recent efforts at implementing PET/CT‐based metrics as promising tools for precision medicine.
This review highlights the most relevant applications of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in lymphoma, their strengths and limitations, and recent efforts at implementing positron emission tomography‐based and computed tomography‐based metrics as potential tools of precision medicine in lymphoma.
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