Riassunto Da tempi ancestrali lo spazio territoriale è un campo di contesa tra interessi umani contrastanti e non soltanto tra differenti clan o tribù dell’uomo e, in un secondo momento, tra diversi ...soggetti statali della Comunità internazionale, ma persino all’interno dei condivisi confini di uno stesso Stato: tanto che ci si è qui interrogati sulle essenziali cause "giuridiche" di questo atavico fenomeno, sforzandosi specialmente di cogliere qualche "piccola" sfida vinta dal costituzionalismo moderno. A tal proposito possono proprio essere lette le recenti modifiche agli articoli 9 e 41 del testo costituzionale della Repubblica italiana, che in relazione al territorio, alla sua endemica storia conflittuale, sembrerebbero foriere di potenziali novità anche circa il regime del così detto "permitting" ambientale.
A mutação constitucional tem constantemente assumido diferentes significados ao ser mencionada como fundamento de decisão no Supremo Tribunal Federal. Essa dissonância revela a utilização da figura ...como um argumento retórico, empregado para justificar a sobreposição da convicção do Tribunal às determinações constitucionais. A presente pesquisa explora a instauração de um estado de exceção, nos moldes propostos por Carl Schmitt e revisitados Giorgio Agamben, por meio dessa operação que eleva o STF ao patamar de poder soberano (ou poder constituinte permanente). Emprega-se metodologia dialética e pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, procede-se uma reconstrução histórica da teoria da mutação constitucional na doutrina alemã do século XX, efetua-se um resgate das noções de exceção e soberania em Carl Schmitt como forma de introduzir e compreender a leitura de Giorgio Agamben sobre o estado de exceção e se analisa a relação entre a mutação constitucional e a usurpação de funções pelo STF. Conclui-se pela ocorrência de uma subversão da ordem democrática e pelo estabelecimento de uma situação de exceção em que o STF é munido de um poder soberano.
The article is dedicated to the assessment of the current constitutional changes in Poland and viewing them to explain them in the context of Polish political and legal traditions. The adoption of ...the Constitution in 1997, based on the principles of political pluralism, democratic rule of law and division of powers, fished the process of the democratic transformation. However, in 2015, by way of statutory legislation and constitutional practice, in cooperation with the President, the new ruling forces started the process of the destruction of Polish constitutional system. A reference to the interwar period is an important motive for the ideology of the leader of the current ruling majority. On the other hand, the concept of the ‘political decision-making centre’ of the state located outside the state apparatus is anchored in the facade of constitutional solutions from the period of the socialist system.
La Constitución de 1991 estableció que Colombia se organizaba en forma de República unitaria, descentralizada y con autonomía de sus entidades territoriales. Esto estaba en línea con las olas de ...democratización y las recomendaciones de la literatura sobre federalismo fiscal. Diez años después de promulgada la constitución, en un momento de profunda crisis económica y fiscal, hubo una reforma sustancial al esquema de transferencias que debía hacer el gobierno central a los gobiernos subnacionales, que le permitió al primero recuperar buena parte de los recursos fiscales que habían sido destinados a los gobiernos territoriales. Se argumenta aquí que, de la misma forma que las constituciones en América Latina se mueven al vaivén de las coaliciones partidarias, la constitución colombiana se cambió al vaivén de la economía. Esto le permitió al gobierno central retomar los recursos que había cedido por las reformas constitucionales sin necesariamente resolver definitivamente el déficit fiscal.
The discussion regarding the living constitution in Indonesia has been increasingly important. The importance of this discussion deals with to the extent it has developed, particularly after ...Indonesia's constitutional amendment from 1999 to 2002. The current study of constitutional change in Indonesia, as a result of the constitutional amendment during Reformation, adds an emphasis on its change without a formal amendment. Thus, this paper will discuss the urgency of enforcing the amended 1945 Constitution in the lens of the living constitution and how to uphold it through the living constitution. This study uses doctrinal research and, in examining the case, it uses the statutory and conceptual approaches. The result of the study shows that the urgency of upholding the constitution through the living constitution relies on the concept of the living constitution that can dynamize the 1945 Constitution. In response to difficulties to formally amend the 1945 Constitution that depends on political will and rigid juridical condition, there should be a shift in the method of interpretation of the constitution by the Constitutional Court judges, from originalism to the living constitution. The enforcement of the 1945 Constitution through the living constitution can apply the constitutional convention and the interpretation by constitutional judges. This study suggests that the Government and the House of Representatives and other relevant state institutions can use the living constitution, by taking into account the constitutional convention is a source in the organization of the state to patch up the weaknesses of the constitution.
Keywords: Living Constitution, Constitutional Changes, Formal Amendment.
Abstract
Among many arguments for constitutional changes presented in the wake of the 2020 campaign for the popular vote in Russia, there was the idea that "cementing" Russia's political landscape ...for the sake of the regime's durability would serve as a tool for improvement of quality of governance. This argument, in a way, followed the essential point of Mancur Olson describing many autocrats across the globe as "roving bandits" with their short-term time horizons and incentives for predatory behavior. To what extent may the constitutional extension of the time horizon of Russia's authoritarian regime contribute to conversion of Russia's state officials and top managers from the "roving" to the "stationary" model, in Olson's terms? On the basis of previous research, I argue that the nature of Russia's political regime-electoral authoritarianism under personalist rule-prevents such a trajectory of further evolution. Indeed, the set of constitutional changes adopted in Russia in July 2020 is likely to preserve bad governance as a mechanism of maintenance of politico-economic order, as intentionally built and developed during the post-Soviet period. While certain technocratic solutions for Russia's governance, aimed at "fool-proofing", may avert the risks of major disasters, under conditions of durable authoritarianism the use of these devices will not result in major advancements in the quality of governance. Rather, they may contribute to further decay and aggravation of the numerous vices of bad governance.
The article aims to analyze the fundamentals and the methods of state constitutional changes in the United States. It recognizes a certain pattern in the political processes of state constitutional ...changes, but it also points out that, in each case, some specific social groups act more intensely. Furthermore, it analyzes how external political forces can influence changes in state Constitutions. Finally, it concludes that, as a rule, the United States is currently undergoing a period in which there is a certain resistance to the creation of new state Constitutions, with greater popular preference for specific changes in the existing Constitutions.
The Constitution of B&H and Annex IV of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the highest legal and political act in B&H. This document ended the war, and at the same ...time it is the basis of polity, and a path of further development of B&H. Through analysis of constitutional norms of different types and levels of the B&H government, especially its structure, the author concludes that certain regulations about common presence of civil and national elements are not consistent. The author highlights urgency to change the Constitution, and he elaborates on different de lege ferenda suggestions for future constitutional solutions. The author especially highlights that the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is based on such premises which with its adequate application and changing should gradually enable an appropriate legal system which will affirm the sovereignty of Bosnia’s citizens, achieve equality of constitutive peoples in the whole Bosnia and Herzegovina, and adequately protect rights of national minorities.
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