The subject of nonfinite clauses is often missing, and yet is understood to refer to some linguistic or contextual referent (e.g. 'Bill preferred __ to remain silent' is understood as 'Bill preferred ...that he himself would remain silent'). This dependency is the subject matter of control theory. Extensive linguistic research into control constructions over the past five decades has unearthed a wealth of empirical findings in dozens of languages. Their proper classification and analysis, however, have been a matter of continuing debate within and across different theoretical schools. This comprehensive book pulls together, for the first time, all the important advances on the topic. Among the issues discussed are: the distinction between raising and control, obligatory and nonobligatory control, syntactic interactions with case, finiteness and nominalization, lexical determination of the controller, and phenomena like partial and implicit control. The critical discussions in this work will stimulate students and scholars to further explorations in this fascinating field.
Tensegrity Systems Oliveira, Mauricio C; Skelton, Robert E
Springer eBooks,
2009, 20090430
eBook
Open access
Tensegrity Systems discusses analytical tools to design energy efficient and lightweight structures employing the concept of 'tensegrity.' This word is Buckminister Fuller's contraction of the words ...'Tensile' and 'Integrity,' which suggests that integrity or, as we would say, stability of the structure comes from tension. In a tensegrity structure the rigid bodies (the bars), might not have any contact, thus providing extraordinary freedom to control shape, by controlling only tendons. Tensegrity Systems covers both static and dynamic analysis of special tensegrity structural concepts, which are motivated by biological material architecture. Drawing upon years of practical experience and using numerous examples and illustrative applications, Robert Skelton and Mauricio C. de Oliveira discuss: The design of tensegrity structures using analytical tools The integration of tensegrity systems into a combined framework including structural design and control design The rules for filling space (tesselation) with self-similar structures that guarantee a specific mechanical property are provided Tensegrity Systems will be of interest to all engineers who design or control light-weight structures, including deployable and robotic structures, and shape controllable structures. Also, Engineers interested in the study of advanced dynamics will find new and useful algorithms for multibody systems.
Damage mapping is considered a critical stage in the correct diagnosis of the state of conservation of Cultural Heritage manifestations. The common approach generally implies a large user interaction ...to map the different pathological processes presented on 2D documents such as elevations or sections, among others. In contrast with this practice, the present paper proposes a semiautomatic 3D-methodology, with a minimum user interaction, able to accurately analyse both radiometric and geometric data recovered by a non-contact technology (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), allowing the extraction and quantification of a wide diversity of pathological processes from biological colonization to deformations. This approach is therefore a potential tool for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of Cultural Heritage. To confirm the applicability and potential offered by the proposed methodology, a highly affected historical masonry, the San Francisco Master Gate of the Almeida Fortress (Portugal), was evaluated by using the Faro Focus 3D 120 Laser Scanner.
•A damage mapping methodology based on TLS data is applied in heritage assets.•The approach analyses both geometric and radiometric data recorder by TLS.•Radiometric analyses allow the detection of chemical and biological damages.•Geometric analyses allow the detection of physical damages.•The success of the radiometric analyses are based on the calibration of the TLS.
In the past, discussions of absolute constructions (ACs) have been limited by an imprecise understanding of what ACs are. By examining the nature and function of ACs and related constructions in ...Greek, Latin and Sanskrit, this new study arrives at a clear and simple definition of ACs. Focussing on the earliest attested material in each language, it highlights how AC usage differs between languages and offers explanations for these differences. Identifying the common core shared by all ACs, it suggests a starting-point and way by which they developed into Greek, Latin and Sanskrit. Further historical study reveals how ACs have been conceived of by grammarians, philologists and even Christian missionaries over the last two thousand years and how enduring misconceptions still affect our discussion of them today. All Sanskrit material is annotated in detail, making it accessible for classicists in particular and allowing a better understanding of ACs in Greek and Latin.
This study addresses the life cycle costs (LCC) of energy renovation, and the demolition and construction of a new building. A comparison is made between LCC optimal energy renovations of four ...different building types with thermal performance, representing Swedish constructions from the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, as well as the demolition of the building and construction of a new building that complies with the Swedish building code. A Swedish multi-family building from the 1960s is used as a reference building. LCC optimal energy renovations are identified with energy saving targets ranging between 10% and 70%, in addition to the lowest possible life cycle cost. The analyses show that an ambitious energy renovation is not cost-optimal in any of the studied buildings, if achieving the lowest LCC is the objective function. The cost of the demolition and construction of a new building is higher compared to energy renovation to the same energy performance. The higher rent in new buildings does not compensate for the higher cost of new construction. A more ambitious renovation is required in buildings that have a shape factor with a high internal volume to heated floor area ratio.
Within the precepts defended by the International Charter of Kraków, this paper aims at presenting a fully non-destructive multidisciplinary approach able to characterize masonry bridges at three ...different levels: i) geometrical level; ii) material level and; iii) structural level. To this end, this approach integrates the terrestrial laser scanner, the sonic and impact-echo methods, the ground penetrating radar and the multichannel analysis of surface waves. All these data are combined with reverse engineering procedures, allowing the creation of suitable as-built CAD models for advanced numerical simulations. Then, these numerical models are contrasted and updated through the data provided by the ambient vibration tests. To validate the methodology proposed in this paper, the Roman bridge of Avila was used as study case. This bridge shows a complex mixture of constructive techniques (masonry, cohesive material, Opus Caementicium and reinforced concrete). Thus, the numerical model was considered for performing predictive structural analysis.
Von der Stadt München wurden im südlichen Teil des Neubaugebiets des Prinz‐Eugen‐Parks mehrere Baufelder als zusammenhängende ökologische Mustersiedlung ausgezeichnet. Hier entstehen rund 570 ...Wohnungen bzw. Nutzungseinheiten in Holzbauweise, um den Holzbau innerstädtisch zu etablieren und eine moderne nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung zu forcieren.
Zur Vorbereitung dieses Bauprojekts wurde seitens der Stadt München ein von der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt gefördertes Forschungsprojekt in Auftrag gegeben, welches planerische Grundlagen und Zielvorgaben schaffen sollte. Durch die Ruhr‐Universität Bochum und die Technische Universität München wurden u. a. Lösungsmöglichkeiten für die zu erwartenden, aus der Holzbauweise resultierenden bauordnungsrechtlichen Abweichungen erarbeitet und mit der lokalen Brandschutzdienststelle abgestimmt.
Durch das Ingenieurbüro Fire & Timber .Ing GmbH wurde für drei Baufelder die vollständige brandschutztechnische Ingenieurleistung (brandschutztechnische Entwurfs‐, Genehmigungs‐ und Ausführungsplanung sowie Fachbauleitung Brandschutz) übernommen. Zusätzlich wurde für ein weiteres Baufeld eine gutachterliche Beurteilung zur Ausführung der brennbaren Fassadenkonstruktion durchgeführt.
In dem nachfolgenden Aufsatz wird auf die verschiedenen eingesetzten Bauweisen mit Blick auf die zugehörigen brandschutztechnischen Anforderungen und Maßnahmen bezüglich der Verwendung von Holz und Holzwerkstoffen eingegangen.
Prinz‐Eugen‐Park in Munich – diverse fire safety for Germany's greatest wooden construction settlement
The City of Munich awarded several building plots in the southern part of the Prinz‐Eugen‐Park as a coherent ecological model settlement. Around 570 apartments/units are being built here in timber construction with the aim of establishing timber construction within the city and promoting modern and sustainable urban development.
In preparation for this construction project, the City of Munich commissioned a research project sponsored by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU), which provided the planning basis and objectives for the realization of the timber housing estate. As part of this research work, the Ruhr‐University of Bochum in cooperation with the Technical University of Munich (TUM) worked and pointed out possible solutions for the expected deviations from the building regulations resulting from the timber construction. These results were discussed with the Fire Protection Service of the City of Munich.
The engineering office Fire & Timber .Ing GmbH provided the complete fire protection engineering services (fire protection design, approval and implementation planning as well as fire protection site supervision) for three construction sites. In addition, an expert assessment was carried out for the construction of a flammable facade from a fire protection point of view for another construction site.
The following article deals with the various construction methods used with particular regard to the associated fire protection requirements and measures concerning the use of wood and wood‐based materials.
The volume presents a collaboration between internationally recognized experts on anti-optimization and structural optimization, and summarizes various novel ideas, methodologies and results studied ...over 20 years. The book vividly demonstrates how the concept of uncertainty should be incorporated in a rigorous manner during the process of designing real-world structures. The necessity of anti-optimization approach is first demonstrated, then the anti-optimization techniques are applied to static, dynamic and buckling problems, thus covering the broadest possible set of applications. Finally, anti-optimization is fully utilized by a combination of structural optimization to produce the optimal design considering the worst-case scenario. This is currently the only book that covers the combination of optimization and anti-optimization. It shows how various optimization techniques are used in the novel anti-optimization technique, and how the structural optimization can be exponentially enhanced by incorporating the concept of worst-case scenario, thereby increasing the safety of the structures designed in various fields of engineering.
Civil infrastructure systems are generally the most expensive assets in any country, and these systems are deteriorating at an alarming rate. In addition, these systems have a long service life in ...comparison to most other commercial products. As well, the introduction of intelligent materials and innovative design approaches in these systems is painfully slow due to heavy relianceon traditional construction and maintenance practices, and the conservative nature of design codes. Feedback on the "state of the health" of constructed systems is practically nonexistent. In the quest for lighter, stronger and corrosion-resistant structures, the replacement of ferrous materials by high-strength fibrous ones is being actively pursued in several countries around the world, both with respect to the design of new structures as well as for the rehabilitation and strengthening of existing ones. In North America, active research in the design of new highway bridges is focused on a number of specialty areas, including the replacement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete deck slabs by randomly distributed low-modulus fibers, and the replacement of steel prestressing cables for concrete components by tendons comprising super-strong fibers. Research is also being conducted on using FRPs to repair and strengthen existing structures.
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