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•Insects intended for human consumption are considered Novel Foods in the EU.•Insect-based products (IBPs) collected online were authenticated by metabarcoding.•A high mislabeling ...rate (33.3%) was observed.•Not authorized species or lower value species were found in mislabeled IBPs.•Metabarcoding was proved as effective tool to authenticate IBPs and detect frauds.
Insects intended for human consumption are considered Novel Foods according to EU legislation. marketed in form of powders, bars, snacks are increasingly available on the EU market, especially on e-commerce. The commercial form and the way of distribution make IBPs particularly prone to mislabeling. Literature concerning the mislabeling occurrence in IBPs is extremely scarce. In this study, 46 processed IBPs were collected on nine EU e-commerce platforms (e-CO) to be authenticated by metabarcoding. A 200 bp region from 16S rRNA gene was used as molecular target. Sequencing data were processed using DADA2 R package, and sequences were taxonomically assigned through BLAST analysis against GenBank. Procedural blanks and positive controls were included in the analysis, and threshold values were established to filter the final data. The mislabeling rate (i. e. the mismatch between the species declared on the IBP label and the species identified by metabarcoding) was calculated. Overall, a high mislabeling rate (33.3 %) was observed, although this percentage is influenced by the e-CO platform and the insect species, with A. domesticus particularly involved. The use of species not listed in authorized Novel Food (e. g. Gryllus locorojo), and/or the partial replacement of high value species with lower value species was highlighted for the first time in processed IBPs. The presence of insect pests was also detected. Metabarcoding was confirmed as an effective tool for IBPs authentication. Also, outcomes from this study can provide useful data on the main issues involving the EU IBPs’ market, that can represent an incentive to reinforce both official controls and FBO’s self-controls on these poorly investigated products.
A new type of stringent sampling inspection plan is proposed for cell counts generally in line with a Poisson or a mixed-Poisson type of distribution. The proposed plan is based on setting an upper ...envelope estimated from the sample counts which should remain below the given microbiological limit m. We used Monte-Carlo simulation methodology to evaluate the proposed plans and showed that the lot acceptance criterion using the upper envelope improves consumer protection in general. Both two and three class attribute plans are investigated for establishing the upper envelope. Our study reveals that the proposed plans can offer better consumer protection and economy when compared to both two and three class attribute plans. It is also demonstrated that a slightly stringent plan can be found in place of lognormal type variables plans. The limitations of the proposed new plans, and a discussion on alternative stringent rules for batch acceptance are also provided. The new plan was also validated using the APC cell counts observed for 2000 milk powder batches. Our conclusion is that the proposed stringent plans can improve protection to the consumer, particularly for exported food products.
•The proposed stringent sampling plan makes use all of the analytical test information.•The new plan offers better consumer protection and economy.•Models including Poisson and its mixtures are considered under the new plan.•A web-based application of the plan is provided for practitioners.
In the case of this economic operator, manufacturing or trading textile products, the corporate social responsibility is a social must, and it consists of a set of objectives which must be ...implemented by the management of the economic operator in all departments. In order to understand the implications of a social responsibile management in the textile products domain, it is required to analise the juridical framework. Interesting is the choice in this area of the production and the marketing of textile products, to only adopt/use one regulation, not a directive or a legislative package consisting in a directive and a regulation. As a result of legal analysis performed, we support the maintenance of the use, as a legal instrument, of the European regulation type normative document, but we suggest the extension of the provisions of the European normative act and its transformation into a particular complex normative act, beyond the scope of the aspects concerning the labelling.
During the last few years the European Court of Justice has established a consistent case law strengthening the fundamental role of member States judges acting as EU ordinary judges, assigning them ...some powers in interim measures, when public interest of the EU or its public order is threatened.
It's quite a new phenomenon that increases the duty of diligence of the national judges in charge of interim measures, who must ensure the effectiveness of those provisions and legal principles at issue, as well as prevent infringements of such fundamental elements of EU legal order, which claim to be protected and applied in its entirety among all member States.
The whole of the European Court of Justice decisions which developed the afore mentioned regime of competence on interim measures for national judges, stands out for its dynamism, high technicality and because it tends to some didactics.
This jurisprudence highlights a common thread: the balance between effectiveness of EU law and the due discretion of the national judge who is compelled to ensure effective judicial protection.
El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea ha establecido durante los últimos años una jurisprudencia mediante la cual refuerza la función esencial de los órganos jurisdiccionales de los Estados miembros como jueces ordinarios del derecho de la Unión, al atribuirles ciertas potestades para la adopción de medidas cautelares cuando esté en juego la tutela del orden público y del interés público de la Unión Europea.
Se trata de un fenómeno novedoso por cuanto agrava el deber de diligencia que corresponde al juez nacional de medidas cautelares, ya que, junto con la obligación de garantizar el efecto útil de las disposiciones y principios de que se trate, tiene así mismo la obligación de evitar que se violen dichas disposiciones y principios, dado que son elementos fundamentales del sistema jurídico de la Unión Europea y deben de protegerse íntegramente en todo el territorio de sus Estados miembros.
El conjunto de decisiones relevantes del Tribunal de Justicia que articula el régimen de la mencionada atribución de la potestad cautelar a favor de los jueces nacionales se caracteriza por su dinamismo, su elevada precisión técnica y porque suele tener un cierto componente didáctico.
Esta doctrina tiene un común denominador que preserva el equilibrio entre la necesaria protección del efecto útil del derecho de la Unión y el respeto a la autonomía del juez nacional que debe garantizar el ejercicio del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva.
Price decision making in a marketing program framework creatings is a complicated and delicated part of marketing management, especially to keep in sight culminating of mass external factors. In a ...market economies price policy as a marketing mix instrument rarely is regulated by the law, which opening the ethical aspect questions of price decision making process. The ethics in the price decision making means consideration of the inner law of the individual (marketing managers and/or consumers), whose irreverence does not entail any juridical sanctions, rather its application is sanctioned by the self - awareness. The acception and stability of the ethical aspect price decision making are determined by the characteristic of selected marketing environment.
The Politics of Precautionexamines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often ...regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990, the book shows, global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal?
David Vogel takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. He traces how concerns over such risks--and pressure on political leaders to do something about them--have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. Vogel explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.
The sharing economy has radically reshaped marketing thought and practice, and research has yet to examine whether and how platform-level buyer protection insurance (PPI) affects buyers and sellers ...in this economy. The authors exploit a natural experiment involving an unexpected system glitch during a PPI launch and estimate difference-in-differences models using over 5.4 million data points from a food sharing platform. Results suggest that PPI significantly increases buyer spending and seller revenue, affirming the benefits of this platform-level insurance in the sharing economy. The authors also uncover multifaceted buyer-side and seller-side responses that enable such benefits. PPI increases buyer spending by boosting product orders and variety-seeking behavior. Furthermore, it enhances seller revenue by increasing customer retention and acquisition. This work contributes to the literature by (1) putting a spotlight on the topic of PPI, a platform governance policy that reduces consumer risks and improves the efficacy of sharing platforms; (2) accounting for how PPI alters buyer and seller behaviors on a platform; (3) addressing what types of buyers and sellers benefit more or less from PPI; and (4) offering guidance for managers to improve platform reputation, marketplace efficiency, and consumer welfare in the context of the sharing economy.
The paper is devoted to analyzing the conditions and possibilities of assisting consumers in protecting their consumer rights. As Slovakia is a member of the EU, it is necessary to include the ...conditions resulting from harmonizing the law within the Union. This paper points out different possibilities of consumer protection documented in the research part by evaluating data available in statistical sources. We also point out the current state of the frequency of initiated individual proceedings, the analysis of which is used to formulate the conclusions and recommendations of the scientific study.
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