This book is the first comprehensive history of consumerism as an organised social and political movement. Matthew Hilton offers a groundbreaking account of consumer movements, ideologies and ...organisations in twentieth-century Britain. He argues that in organisations such as the Co-operative movement and the Consumers' Association individual concern with what and how we spend our wages led to forms of political engagement too often overlooked in existing accounts of twentieth-century history. He explores how the consumer and consumerism came to be regarded by many as a third force in society with the potential to free politics from the perceived stranglehold of the self-interested actions of employers and trade unions. Finally he recovers the visions of countless consumer activists who saw in consumption a genuine force for liberation for women, the working class and new social movements as well as a set of ideas often deliberately excluded from more established political organisations.
Cosmetics, like any product containing water and organic/inorganic compounds, require preservation against microbial contamination to guarantee consumer’s safety and to increase their shelf-life. The ...microbiological safety has as main goal of consumer protection against potentially pathogenic microorganisms, together with the product’s preservation resulting from biological and physicochemical deterioration. This is ensured by chemical, physical, or physicochemical strategies. The most common strategy is based on the application of antimicrobial agents, either by using synthetic or natural compounds, or even multifunctional ingredients. Current validation of a preservation system follow the application of good manufacturing practices (GMPs), the control of the raw material, and the verification of the preservative effect by suitable methodologies, including the challenge test. Among the preservatives described in the positive lists of regulations, there are parabens, isothiasolinone, organic acids, formaldehyde releasers, triclosan, and chlorhexidine. These chemical agents have different mechanisms of antimicrobial action, depending on their chemical structure and functional group’s reactivity. Preservatives act on several cell targets; however, they might present toxic effects to the consumer. Indeed, their use at high concentrations is more effective from the preservation viewpoint being, however, toxic for the consumer, whereas at low concentrations microbial resistance can develop.
The National Authority for Consumers’ Protection is concerned to survey the market of agro-alimentary produce; as a result of the punctual programme, it develops control activities in order to check ...quality / conformity of foodstuff supplied for sale. Meat preparations are the most demanded and preferred; this is why they have paid particular attention to quality, labelling, marketing, and storage. Of the total 87 complaints concerning lack of compliance with the standards of such items as fruits, milk, meat, vegetables, bread and bakery, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, coffee, chocolate, and fish preparations, only 31 proved justified. We can see that of the total complaints only 35.63% are justified and that they concern such produce as biscuits, fresh and refrigerated fish, vegetable and fruit juices, pet foods, spirits, beer, and non-alcoholic beverages.
Consumer protection is a very wide-ranging issue and needs to be given due attention. It concerns the safety of consumers in the environment of individual countries of the world, it concerns the ...consumer safety of certain groups, such as the European Union. The basic frameworks of consumer protection are set by the guidelines of world organizations - the UN, WHO, but also the European Union and individual member states. In the area of consumer protection, attention is paid to major health problems caused by unsuitable food, such as food scandals, various types of diseases - mad cow disease, swine fever, covid 19.
Dark Patterns at Scale Mathur, Arunesh; Acar, Gunes; Friedman, Michael J. ...
Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction,
11/2019, Volume:
3, Issue:
CSCW
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Dark patterns are user interface design choices that benefit an online service by coercing, steering, or deceiving users into making unintended and potentially harmful decisions. We present automated ...techniques that enable experts to identify dark patterns on a large set of websites. Using these techniques, we study shopping websites, which often use dark patterns to influence users into making more purchases or disclosing more information than they would otherwise. Analyzing ~53K product pages from ~11K shopping websites, we discover 1,818 dark pattern instances, together representing 15 types and 7 broader categories. We examine these dark patterns for deceptive practices, and find 183 websites that engage in such practices. We also uncover 22 third-party entities that offer dark patterns as a turnkey solution. Finally, we develop a taxonomy of dark pattern characteristics that describes the underlying influence of the dark patterns and their potential harm on user decision-making. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for stakeholders including researchers and regulators to study, mitigate, and minimize the use of these patterns.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Drug hypersensitivity, Multiple drug Background: Adverse drug reactions to tuberculosis(TB) drugs are common and increase unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Methods: We reviewed ...retrospectively the clinical data of TB patients with drug hypersensitivity reactions to TB drugs which were demonstrated by drug challenge tests at Chonnam National University Hospital between January 2011 and April 2016.
Abstract This study evaluates the consumers’ views on various security measures in e-commerce platforms and determines their impact on the trusting beliefs of consumers, which may further lead to an ...intention to use e-commerce platforms. The study also investigates the moderating effects of gender, age, and the frequency of e-commerce platform use on the proposed model. A total of 780 respondents were used for the study. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the proposed trust-based model. The findings indicate a strong positive impact of information integrity and information confidentiality on the consumers’ trusting beliefs. In addition, the study indicates the strong mediating effect of trusting beliefs with the association between information integrity, information confidentiality, and behavioral intention to use e-commerce platforms. A moderating effect of frequency of use on the relationship between perceived information confidentiality and preventing unauthorized secondary data usage on trusting beliefs was found to be significant. This research underwent an in-depth examination of different security aspects that e-commerce firms should consider in order to develop the trusting beliefs of consumers in e-commerce environments.
This research investigates (1) the significance and function of the consumer protection and anti-monopoly division within the Industry and Trade Office in supporting business entities, and (2) the ...measures that the Industry and Trade Office should adopt moving forward to address regulatory needs, particularly concerning anti-monopoly and business competition, in Kendari. This study employs Conflict Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory as its theoretical framework. The findings reveal that (1) the relevant division plays a crucial role in conducting Consumer Protection Socialization as a program managed by the Industry and Trade Office of Southeast Sulawesi Province, involving business entities, consumers, community members, and university students; (2) activities centered around consumer protection and anti-monopoly implemented by the relevant division are as described by the Head of the Consumer Protection and Trade Order Division: The Consumer Protection Monitoring System serves as a medium for consumer complaints and information related to consumer protection to be integrated into the system at the Provincial Office responsible for trade, aiming to enhance service to consumers in lodging complaints from those who feel wronged.
The sales of skincare are varied, one of which is repackaging the original packaging. This study aims at determining consumer protection on the sale of imported products that are repackaged and ...analysis made based on saddu adz-dzari’ah perspective. This research is a normative legal research. The results of the study show that consumer protection for imported products that are repackaged is a violation because the producers of the imported products did not attach the information that should be obtained by consumers as arranged in Article 8, Paragraph 1 of Consumer Protection Act. It becomes a concern since it could harm the consumers. Meanwhile, the saddu adz-dzari’ah perspective suggests that this repackaged products sale is included in the sale and purchase that are allowed since it does not lead to something bad or a loss for both parties because, in the buying process, the producer will explain the content that the product contains. Sellers who repackaged the products should provide complete information and explain the repackaging process so that consumers’ rights to obtain clear information about the products they buy are fulfilled. This article may enrich the literature of consumer protection and provide recommendations for law enforcement of consumer protection.Penjualan skincare di pasar bervariatif salah satunya dengan melakukan kemas ulang dari kemasan asli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan konsumen terhadap penjualan produk impor yang dikemas ulang dan analisis dengan perspektif saddu adz-dzari’ah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan hukum sebagai sumbernya. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif serta hukum Islam. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perlindungan konsumen terhadap produk impor yang dikemas ulang merupakan suatu hal yang melanggar karena dalam packaging produsen kemas ulang tidak mencantumkan hak informasi yang seharusnya diperoleh konsumen seperti yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen Pasal 8 ayat 1 huruf a,c,g,i sehingga hal ini dikhawatirkan dapat membahayakan konsumen. Sedangkan, perspektif saddu adz-dzari’ah penjualan secara kemas ulang ini termasuk kedalam jual beli yang diperbolehkan karena tidak membawa kedalam jalan yang menimbulkan sesuatu yang buruk atau kerugian untuk kedua belah pihak karena dalam proses pembelian produsen akan menjelaskan kandungan yang terdapat dalam produk. Artikel ini dapat memperkaya literatur perlindungan konsumen dan memberikan beberapa rekomendasi untuk penegakan hukum di bidang perlindungan konsumen.
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