Vaccinations for pregnant women Swamy, Geeta K; Heine, R Phillips
Obstetrics and gynecology (New York. 1953)
125, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In the United States, eradication and reduction of vaccine-preventable diseases through immunization has directly increased life expectancy by reducing mortality. Although immunization is a public ...priority, vaccine coverage among adult Americans is inadequate. The Institute of Medicine, the Community Preventive Services Task Force, and other public health entities have called for the development of innovative programs to incorporate adult vaccination into routine clinical practice. Obstetrician-gynecologists are well suited to serve as vaccinators of women in general and more specifically pregnant women. Pregnant women are at risk for vaccine-preventable disease-related morbidity and mortality and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and low birth weight. In addition to providing direct maternal benefit, vaccination during pregnancy likely provides direct fetal and neonatal benefit through passive immunity (transplacental transfer of maternal vaccine-induced antibodies). This article reviews: 1) types of vaccines; 2) vaccines specifically recommended during pregnancy and postpartum; 3) vaccines recommended during pregnancy and postpartum based on risk factors and special circumstances; 4) vaccines currently under research and development for licensure for maternal-fetal immunization; and 5) barriers to maternal immunization and available patient and health care provider resources.
This paper addresses the problem of robust tracking control of networked control systems with communication constraints (network-induced delay, packet dropouts, and packet disorder) and external ...disturbance. A novel networked predictive control algorithm based on k-order adaptive discrete-time sliding-mode control (k -ADSMC) is proposed. The ADSMC, which can self-adapting adjust sliding-mode parameters and ensure faster convergence, is designed based on the error and error difference of tracking output. Furthermore, k -ADSMC is designed, which uses the estimated disturbance as weight factors and synthesizes the sliding- mode values of all k times, in order to improve the robust of tracking control. Finally, the stability of the system is proved, and a dc motor servo system is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) is a promising intelligent vehicle technology for improving traffic flow stability, throughput, and safety. One major control objective of CACC is to ...guarantee <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mathcal {L}_{p} </tex-math></inline-formula> string stability, i.e., <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mathcal {L}_{p} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm measured disturbance is uniformly bounded along the vehicle string. Most existing methods for string stability are laborious for implementation without considering either heterogeneous disturbances (e.g., tracking errors and unmodeled dynamics) or saturation constraints (e.g., input saturation). The decentralized model predictive control (MPC) method, which is a widely used feedforward control for string stability, suffers the burdens of computation cost and intervehicular communication. To fill these gaps, we distinguish different types of disturbances and use different ways to handle them. We use feedforward control for large yet infrequent disturbances and feedback control for small yet frequent disturbances. Different from MPC, our feedforward control is event-triggered so that the intervehicle communication and planning costs can be significantly reduced. Different from pure robust feedback control, our combination of feedback and feedforward control could reduce the conservation of the controller. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the proposed method guarantees <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mathcal {L}_{p} </tex-math></inline-formula> string stability of vehicle platoons considering heterogeneous disturbances and saturation constraints.
Feedback control laws have been traditionally implemented in a periodic fashion on digital hardware. Although periodicity simplifies the analysis of the mismatch between the control design and its ...digital implementation, it also leads to conservative usage of resources such as CPU utilization in the case of embedded control. We present a novel technique that abandons the periodicity assumption by using the current state of the plant to decide the next time instant in which the state should be measured, the control law computed, and the actuators updated. This technique, termed self-triggered control, is developed for two classes of nonlinear control systems, namely, state-dependent homogeneous systems and polynomial systems. The wide applicability of the proposed results is illustrated in two well known physical examples: a jet engine compressor and the rigid body.
Some of the most common dynamic phenomena that arise in engineering practiceactuator and sensor delaysfall outside the scope of standard finite-dimensional system theory. The first attempt at ...infinite-dimensional feedback design in the field of control systemsthe Smith predictorhas remained limited to linear finite-dimensional plants over the last five decades. Shedding light on new opportunities in predictor feedback, this book significantly broadens the set of techniques available to a mathematician or engineer working on delay systems.The book is a collection of tools and techniques that make predictor feedback ideas applicable to nonlinear systems, systems modeled by PDEs, systems with highly uncertain or completely unknown input/output delays, and systems whose actuator or sensor dynamics are modeled by more general hyperbolic or parabolic PDEs, rather than by pure delay.Numerous examples and a detailed treatment of individual classes of problemswill help the reader master the techniques.Delay Compensation for Nonlinear, Adaptive, and PDE Systemsis an excellent reference guide for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in mathematics, systems control, as well as chemical, mechanical, electrical, computer, aerospace, and civil/structural engineering. Parts of the book maybe used in graduate courses on general distributed parameter systems, linear delay systems, PDEs, nonlinear control, state estimator and observers, adaptive control, robust control, or linear time-varying systems.
This brief examines the problem of attitude tracking control with prescribed performance guarantees for a spacecraft subjected to actuator faults and input saturation. To pursue this, the open-loop ...tracking error dynamics with certain designer-specified performance constraints is first transformed into an equivalent "state-constrained" one, via an error transformation; furthermore, the resulting dynamics is augmented with a dynamic system, which is tactfully constructed to ensure that the control input satisfies the magnitude limits. Subsequently, a robust fault-tolerant controller is developed by using a low-pass filter and an auxiliary system in conjunction with adaptive backstepping design. It is shown that the control algorithm developed not only achieves the stable attitude tracking with prescribed behavioral metrics but also guarantees the boundedness of all the closed-loop signals. Finally, simulation results are given to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Load frequency control in modern-complex-uncertain power systems (PSs) assumes significance due to their challenging nature of the operation and hence utilisation of robust controllers is ...indispensable. In the industry, conventional single-loop controllers may not offer robust behaviour under changed operating conditions. Alternatively, two-loop cascade fuzzy structured controllers can show significant robust performance in dynamic conditions and best suited in systems having non-linearities. Hence, a novel optimal cascade fuzzy-fractional order integral derivative with filter (CF-FOIDF) controller is utilised for 2-area thermal and hydrothermal PSs considering various physical constraints from a practical point of view. As physical constraints mandate an energy storage system, hence in this study, batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) are employed to assist power plants to swiftly arrest oscillations in the system frequency following load demands. A combined model of EV fleets is incorporated in the control areas of PSs. Numerous simulations are conducted to authenticate the robustness and excellence of EVs and the suggested control strategy over existing methods.
This note is concerned with robust H infin control of linear networked control systems with time-varying network-induced delay and data packet dropout. A new Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, which ...makes use of the information of both the lower and upper bounds of the time-varying network-induced delay, is proposed to drive a new delay-dependent H infin stabilization criterion. The criterion is formulated in the form of a non-convex matrix inequality, of which a feasible solution can be obtained by solving a minimization problem in terms of linear matrix inequalities. In order to obtain much less conservative results, a tighter bounding for some term is estimated. Moreover, no slack variable is introduced. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Design of a Data-Driven PID Controller Yamamoto, T.; Takao, K.; Yamada, T.
IEEE transactions on control systems technology,
2009-Jan., 2009, 2009-01-00, 20090101, Volume:
17, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Since most processes have nonlinearities, controller design schemes to deal with such systems are required. On the other hand, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers have been widely used ...for process systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new design scheme of PID controllers based on a data-driven (DD) technique is proposed for nonlinear systems. According to the DD technique, a suitable set of PID parameters is automatically generated based on input/output data pairs of the controlled object stored in the database. This scheme can adjust the PID parameters in an online manner even if the system has nonlinear properties and/or time-variant system parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the newly proposed control scheme is evaluated on some simulation examples, and a pilot-scale temperature control system.
This paper addresses the shared lateral control between a human driver and a lane keeping assist system of intelligent vehicles for both lane keeping and obstacle avoidance. This control issue is ...very challenging in today's automotive industry due to the human-machine interaction involved in the control design. In this paper, we propose a new approach to consider such an interaction via a fictive driver activity parameter introduced into the road-vehicle system. Hence, the steering assistance actions can be computed according to the driver's real-time behaviors. The Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy control approach is proposed to deal with the time-varying driver activity parameter and vehicle speed. Especially, the concept of robust invariant set is exploited using Lyapunov arguments to handle theoretically both system state and control input limitations. Considering these system constraints in the control design procedure aims to improve the driver's safety and comfort. Experimental tests with a human driver and an advanced interactive dynamic driving simulator are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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