Through an exploration of women authors' engagements with copyright and married women's property laws, American Women Authors and Literary Property, 1822–1869, revises nineteenth-century American ...literary history, making women's authorship and copyright law central. Using case studies of five popular fiction writers - Catharine Sedgwick, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Fanny Fern, Augusta Evans, and Mary Virginia Terhune - Homestead shows how the convergence of copyright and coverture both fostered and constrained white women's agency as authors. Women authors exploited their status as nonproprietary subjects to advantage by adapting themselves to a copyright law that privileged readers'access to literature over authors' property rights. Homestead's inclusion of the Confederacy in this work sheds light on the centrality of copyright to nineteenth-century American nationalisms and on the strikingly different construction of author reader relations under U.S. and Confederate copyright laws.
Copyright owners' exclusive right to communicate to the public includes the 'making available' of a work, as set out in the 'WIPO Internet Treaties' of 1996. The right has been implemented in ...countries such as Australia and Canada, however, the overlap between the 'making available' aspect of the communication right and the reproduction right remains unresolved. The Supreme Court of Canada has sought to limit overlaps between these rights. In 'Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v Entertainment Software Association of Canada' (''SOCAN v ESA''), the Court held that when a person makes a durable copy of a work available for download, this is not a communication of a work to the public, but merely an 'authorisation' of its reproduction, and therefore an exercise of the reproduction right. The Canadian approach and sentiment towards overlaps may be contrasted with that of Australian courts, which tend to take overlaps in protection as a given, and show limited concern about double dipping or doctrinal clarity. The 'National Rugby League Investments Pty Ltd v Singtel Optus Pty Ltd' case and relatively recent cases involving Redbubble Ltd decided by the Federal Court of Australia are examples of this. In drawing out lessons from the groundbreaking 'SOCAN v ESA' decision, this article prompts Australian courts to interpret the communication right in a careful and considered manner that limits overlaps in protection.
The World Arachnida Catalog ( WAC, online at https://wac.nmbe.ch) is introduced as an amalgamation of the highly successful World Spider Catalog (WSC), the Pseudoscorpions of the World Catalog, and ...the Smaller Arachnid Order Catalogs. The new catalogs present all available taxonomic information on eight arachnid orders (Amblypygi, Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Ricinulei, Palpigradi, Schizomida, Solifugae and Uropygi) in a single location and a standardized format, continuously updated by specialists, to members of the World Spider Catalog Association (WSCA). For the first time, the majority of taxonomic literature for Pseudoscorpiones and the smaller arachnid orders will be available in downloadable PDF format for members according to the Swiss copyright laws. Up-to-date counts of families, genera and species are given alongside the current taxonomy for each taxon. Now in a common place and presented in an almost unified format, the new catalog aims to become the primary repository of taxonomic information for the Arachnida and will hopefully stimulate arachnological research across all arachnid orders by removing boundaries imposed by literature accessibility, incompatibility of formats, or taxonomic jargon.
In this enlightening book James Boyle describes what he calls the range wars of the information age-today's heated battles over intellectual property. Boyle argues that just as every informed citizen ...needs to know at least something about the environment or civil rights, every citizen should also understand intellectual property law. Why? Because intellectual property rights mark out the ground rules of the information society, and today's policies are unbalanced, unsupported by evidence, and often detrimental to cultural access, free speech, digital creativity, and scientific innovation.
Boyle identifies as a major problem the widespread failure to understand the importance of the public domain-the realm of material that everyone is free to use and share without permission or fee. The public domain is as vital to innovation and culture as the realm of material protected by intellectual property rights, he asserts, and he calls for a movement akin to the environmental movement to preserve it. With a clear analysis of issues ranging from Jefferson's philosophy of innovation to musical sampling, synthetic biology and Internet file sharing, this timely book brings a positive new perspective to important cultural and legal debates. If we continue to enclose the "commons of the mind," Boyle argues, we will all be the poorer.
Everything a writer needs to know about the law. This accessible, reader-friendly handbook will be an invaluable resource for authors, agents, and editors in navigating the legal landscape of the ...contemporary publishing industry. Drawing on a wealth of experience in legal scholarship and publishing, Jacqueline D. Lipton provides a useful legal guide for writers whatever their levels of expertise or categories of work (fiction, nonfiction, or academic). Through case studies and hypothetical examples, Law and Authors addresses issues of copyright law, including explanations of fair use and the public domain; trademark and branding concerns for those embarking on a publishing career; laws that impact the ways that authors might use social media and marketing promotions; and privacy and defamation questions that writers may face. Although the book focuses on American law, it highlights key areas where laws in other countries differ from those in the United States. Law and Authors will prepare every writer for the inevitable and the unexpected.
The law declared by the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court) is the law of the land by virtue of Article 141 of the Constitution of India. When the Supreme Court decides a lis, it not only decide ...for the parties to the case but also declares the law on a question that it decides to answer. There are only twenty-four reported decisions delivered by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years on the copyright law. Number of decisions per year is not even one. On an average, the Supreme Court has decided. 33 case in a year; or one copyright case in 1104.58 days; or in 3.02 years. These decisions of the Supreme Court on the copyright law are just double of the number of decisions on the patent law. A review of decisions on copyright law from 28 January 1950 to 28 August 2022, reveals that: (i) only in 20 decisions, the Supreme Court has declared copyright law which include 4 decisions from 20th century and 16 decisions from 21st century; (ii) the validity of The Copyright Act, 1957, was not challenged in any decision; (iii) only one case from the decision of the High Court involving the constitutionality of Rule 29 (4) of The Copyright Rules, 2013 where the High Court re-drafted the Rule, reached to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court held the re-drafting by the High Court as unwarranted and shown deference to the legislative wisdom; (iv) No Constitution Bench or Single Bench decision is reported; (v) no Chief Justice of India was on the bench in any copyright decision; (vi) only 4 judges authored their separate but concurring judgments (3 from 20th century and 1 from 21st century) and no dissenting judgment was delivered; (vii) the Court has unanimpously answered the questions of copyright law; and (viii) only some of the questions of copyright law have been answered unambiguously and unequivovally by the Supreme Court but some of the questions have been left open by the Court. This Paper seeks to cull out the principles of copyright law as declared by the Supreme Court in the last 72 years.
The advent of generative artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential in the field of education. The study explores three main areas: (1) How did ChatGPT answer questions related to ...science education? (2) What are some ways educators could utilise ChatGPT in their science pedagogy? and (3) How has ChatGPT been utilised in this study, and what are my reflections about its use as a research tool? This exploratory research applies a self-study methodology to investigate the technology. Impressively, ChatGPT’s output often aligned with key themes in the research. However, as it currently stands, ChatGPT runs the risk of positioning itself as the ultimate epistemic authority, where a single truth is assumed without a proper grounding in evidence or presented with sufficient qualifications. Key ethical concerns associated with AI include its potential environmental impact, issues related to content moderation, and the risk of copyright infringement. It is important for educators to model responsible use of ChatGPT, prioritise critical thinking, and be clear about expectations. ChatGPT is likely to be a useful tool for educators designing science units, rubrics, and quizzes. Educators should critically evaluate any AI-generated resource and adapt it to their specific teaching contexts. ChatGPT was used as a research tool for assistance with editing and to experiment with making the research narrative clearer. The intention of the paper is to act as a catalyst for a broader conversation about the use of generative AI in science education.
PDF
