•PPCDAm promoted a drastic conservation reform in Brazil.•Many PPCDAm-related activities are not discussed in the literature.•Recent surge in deforestation may jeopardize previous success from ...PPCDAm.
The Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm), launched in 2004, promoted a drastic conservation reform in Brazil. To date, the plan has been through four distinct phases: PPCDAm-I (2004–2008), II (2009–2011), III (2012–2015), and IV (2016–2020). A substantial decline from historically high deforestation rates in the Amazon occurred from 2004 to 2012, part of which (particularly after 2007) can be attributed to the PPCDAm, and part to economic factors such as commodity prices and the currency exchange rates that affect the profitability of agricultural exports. After 2012 deforestation has trended upward despite control efforts. The PPCDAm evolved through its four phases, consequently changing the patterns of deforestation in Amazonia. Here, we review the conservation instruments and strategies promoted under the PPCDAm umbrella and, when possible, provide estimates of their impacts on deforestation based on rigorous, counterfactual evaluations. While the literature emphasizes some of the most well-known PPCDAm actions, e.g., improved satellite-based monitoring, the “blacklist” of municipalities, expansion of protected areas, land tenure regularization, credit access restrictions, and moratoria, we highlight a number of other PPCDAm activities that, along with the previous examples, are arguably also responsible for a significant share of the reduction of deforestation in the region.
•Analyzed socio-economic impact: pre, during and post lockdown periods.•Considering India, we observed the following:aProduction: Halt in industrial production led to an approximately threefold ...increase in the unemployment rate.bIndexing (non-essential items): Capital goods and consumer durables dropped down to 7.1 and 5.1, respectively.cFuel demand: Demand for fuel and related products dropped down by almost 50%.dEquity markets: They dropped abruptly even before the announcement of the lockdown.eAssets: Gold and silver were reliable as compared to equity markets.•A socio-economic framework is presented to depict the policy-level interventions undertaken to mitigate upheaval induced by the pandemic.•Our case study could represent other countries/regions of the world.
Starting from December 2019, the novel COVID-19 threatens human lives and economies across the world. It was a matter of grave concern for the governments of all the countries as the deadly virus started expanding its paws over neighboring regions of infected areas. The spread got uncontrollable, thereby leaving no choice for the nations but to impose and observe nationwide lockdown. The lockdown further sorely hit many sectors, which in turn impacted the economy. Manufacturing, agriculture, and the service sector - the three pillars of the economy - have been adversely affected giving a major slow down to the economy belonging to every nation. Several schemes and policies were introduced by different state and central governments to absorb the impact of subsequent lockdowns on individuals. In this paper, we present a then and now analysis of the economy using a socioeconomic framework focusing on factors- unemployment, industrial production, import-export trade, equity markets, currency exchange rate, and gold and silver prices. For all these, we consider India as a case study because the Indian sub-continent has a wide landscape and rich cultural heritage presenting itself as a potential hub for economic activities. A thorough assessment has been made for the period January 2020- June 2020. The assessment will be beneficial to observe the long-term impact of any infectious disease outbreak such as COVID-19 locally and globally.
Chinese banks became major players in the global geography of finance. Yet studies of Chinese finance in Brazil focus on development ("policy") bank loans, overlooking commercial banks. This inhibits ...theoretical advancements beyond the idea that Chinese finance in Latin America is largely "resource-seeking" in nature. Meanwhile, studies of the internationalization of the renminbi focus on state-led policy mechanisms in leading international financial centers, overlooking the expansion of renminbi exchange by commercial banks on the peripheries of global financial networks. I triangulate data from the Brazilian Central Bank, Chinese bank reports, and qualitative materials to present the first comprehensive account of Chinese commercial banking in Brazil. Although they are not yet major players, they are becoming important suppliers of trade finance and currency exchange services. I argue this reinforces challenges to the theory that Chinese finance in Brazil is primarily resource-seeking, and emphasizes that currency-exchange services play a central role in the internationalization strategies of Chinese finance on the peripheries of global financial networks.
Symbiotic interactions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes are widespread in nature. Here we offer a conceptual framework to study the evolutionary origins and ecological circumstances of species in ...beneficial symbiosis. We posit that mutual symbiotic interactions are well described by three elements: a currency, the mechanism of currency exchange, and mechanisms of symbiont inheritance. Each of these elements may be at the origin of symbiosis, with the other elements developing with time. The identity of currency in symbiosis depends on the ecological context of the symbiosis, while the specificity of the exchange mechanism underlies molecular adaptations for the symbiosis. The inheritance regime determines the degree of partner dependency and the symbiosis evolutionary trajectory. Focusing on these three elements, we review examples and open questions in the research on symbiosis.
Inspired by the evolution of eukaryotic organelles, we propose a conceptual framework to study the evolutionary and ecological drivers of symbiosis, including three main elements: a currency, mechanisms of currency exchange, and inheritance.Currency in symbiosis is the type resources that species in a beneficial symbiosis gain from their partner.Currency exchange is a complex process that requires molecular adaptations in one or both partners.We identify two distinct but not mutually exclusive initial evolutionary imperatives for the establishment of symbiosis, termed currency first, in which the initial interaction stems from a common currency exchange between the interacting partners to complement their environmental requirements, and transmission first, in which stable transgenerational transmission precedes the evolution of currency exchange.
During the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, the government undertook currency reform at both central and local levels to promote currency exchange and restructure market order. Drawing on ...historical sources and utilizing game theory methodologies, this study examines the challenges of state governance and the dynamics of central-local relations during this era. The findings suggest that the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty's governance system arose from the rulers' deliberate decisions; however, it was also driven by the necessity to reconcile the development of productive forces with the superstructure. The study highlights the impact of the "official" issue on communication efficiency between central and local authorities, which contributed to the currency reform's failure. Consequently, the central government's regulation and control over local regions, as well as its ability to govern the aspirations of grassroots populations, emerged as crucial factors for successful national governance. This research provides valuable insights into the academic value and significance of historical state governance practices and informs contemporary centrallocal relations and policy development.
The current study is aimed at investigating the relationship between the use of renewable energy, the rate of currency exchange, and the rate of inflation with the ARDL model. The findings of the ECM ...show that in the long run, a bidirectional association between exchange rate and renewable energy exists in Brazil. This shows that the rate of currency exchange affects the use of renewable energy, and the use of renewable energy affects the rate of currency exchange. The inflation rate also affects renewable energy and exchange rate in the long run. The rate of adjustment to equilibrium is also below 50%, indicating that it will take a long time to adjust to long-run equilibrium. In the short run, we ascertain that renewable energy use has a significant negative effect on the rate of currency exchange, showing that a rise in the use of renewable energy significantly causes the exchange rate to appreciate. The long-run results show that renewable energy use negatively impacts exchange rate (appreciation), while the inflation rate and rate of currency exchange significantly affect the use of renewable energy positively. Thus, in addition to lowering carbon dioxide emissions and global warming effects, renewable energy use also facilitates an improvement in the currency’s value. Therefore, the use of renewable energy should be promoted, and nations should shift to the use of renewable energy. This will also promote zero carbon in the future.
Forecasting a currency exchange rate is one of the most challenging tasks nowadays. Due to government monetary policy and some uncertain factors, such as political stability, it becomes difficult to ...correctly forecast the currency exchange rate. Previously, many investigations have been done to forecast the exchange rate of the United State Dollar(USD)/Bangladeshi Taka(BDT) using statistical time series models, machine learning models, and neural network models. But none of the previous methods considered the underlying macroeconomic factors of the two countries, such as GDP, import/export, government revenue, etc., for forecasting the USD/BDT exchange rate. We have included various time-sensitive macroeconomic features directly impacting the USD/BDT exchange rate to address this issue. These features will create a new dimension for researchers to predict and forecast the USD/BDT exchange rate. We have used various types of models for predicting and forecasting the USD/BDT exchange rate and found that Among all our models, Time Distributed MLP provides the best performance with an RMSE of 0.1984. Finally, we have proposed a pipeline for forecasting the USD/BDT exchange rate, which reduced the RMSE of Time Distributed MLP to 0.1900 and has proven effective in reducing the error of all our models.
Exploration of ANNs for the economic purposes is described and empirically examined with the foreign exchange market data. For the experiments, panel data of the exchange rates (USD/EUR, JPN/USD, ...USD/GBP) are examined and optimized to be used for time-series predictions with neural networks. In this stage the input selection, in which the processing steps to prepare the raw data to a suitable input for the models are investigated. The best neural network is found with the best forecasting abilities, based on a certain performance measure. A visual graphs on the experiments data set is presented after processing steps, to illustrate that particular results. The out-of-sample results are compared with training ones.
Objective. Secondary prevention of breast cancer (BC) helps diagnose the disease in the early stages and prevent disease progression. World Health Organization and the American Cancer Society ...consider early diagnosis as the best way to control BC. Mammography screening is the most sensitive and specific test that can be conducted along with the clinical examination for the early diagnosis of BC. However, like other tests, mammography is not a perfect test. The purpose of the present study is to measure willingness to pay (WTP) for mammography among a sample of women by providing each of them one of two scenarios describing medical information on the test. Methods. 450 women aged 35–55 years were assigned randomly into two groups of equal numbers in a quasi-experimental study conducted in Tabriz city, Iran. Each group was presented with one of the two designed scenarios. First scenario described the basic medical information on mammography as a good test of BC screening. The alternative scenario described some information on potential diagnostic errors of the mammography result alongside basic medical information about this test. The double bounded dichotomous choice method was used to extract women’s WTP for mammography under each scenario. Results. Based on the official currency exchange rate of 37000 IRR/USD, the mean WTP for BC screening with mammography was estimated as 30.5$ in the group receiving basic medical information and 26.8$ in the other group. However, the result of regression analysis revealed receiving information on potential diagnostic errors of mammography result did not lead to significant higher WTP for the test. The WTP for mammography raised significantly among older women, employed women, and those with higher level of education. Conclusion. The result of our study suggests that providing women with information about the potential diagnostic errors of mammography may not be correlated to economic value they give to this test. However, women with different individual status may reveal different economic value on mammography.
In the article, based on the analysis of statistical indicators of the world and national tourism (in 112 countries), studying tourists impact on the destinations natural environment, the change in ...the indicator of average expenditures of a foreign tourist in the period 1995 - 2022 is assessed, its values are correlated with the dynamics of national inflation and fluctuations in the exchange rates of national currencies at the current moment considering temporary lags. An assumption is made regarding the limit value of one billion international tourist trips per year as a condition for economies of scale in the global tourism industry, a time lag of one year is determined as a condition for the impact of national inflation on the amount of foreign tourist expenditures, and the insignificance of the impact of the national currency exchange rate on the dynamics of tourism expenditures is substantiated.
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