•Ships sailing in PRD sea area would cause significant affect to land air quality.•The ship emission density is higher in the port cluster.•DECA policy would efficiently decrease the ambient SO2 and ...PM2.5 concentrations.•Expanding the DECA to 200 nautical miles would slightly improve land air quality.•Expanding the DECA along the whole coastline could improve land air quality fairer.
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Marine trade has significantly expanded over the past decades aiding to the economic development of the maritime countries, yet, this has been associated with a considerable increase in pollution emission from shipping operation. This study aims at considering both sides of the spectrum at the same time, which is including both public and shipping business. Of the key significance would be to optimize the operation of the shipping industry, such that its impact on air pollution is minimized, without, however, significant escalation of its cost, and therefore to protect the whole seaborne trade. To do this, we considered the impacts of three control strategies, including the current emission control area (ECA) design, as well two additional ones. Thus the first scenario (DECA1) was based on the China's domestic emission control area (DECA), which was set up in 2016. The DECA1 scale was only 12 nautical miles, which was much smaller than the emission control areas in US or Europe. We defined the second scenario (DECA2), by stretching the zone to 200 nautical miles towards the ocean, modeling it on the ECA in North America. The third scenario (DECA3), on the other hand, expanded the 12 nautical miles control zone along the whole coastline. To investigate the impact of shipping emissions on air quality, a shipping emission calculation model and an air quality simulation model were used, and Pearl River Delta (PRD), China was chosen to serve as a case study. The study demonstrated that in 2013 marine shipping emissions contributed on average 0.33 and 0.60μg·m−3, respectively to the land SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in the PRD, and that the concentrations were high along the coastline. The DECA1 policy could effectively reduce SO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in the port regions, and the average reduction in the land area were 9.54% and 2.7%, respectively. Compared with DECA1, DECA2 would not measurably improve the air quality, while DECA3 would effectively decrease the pollution in the entire coast area. Thus, instead of expanding emission control area far to the ocean, it is more effective to control emissions along the coastline to secure the best air quality and lower the health impacts. By doing this, 19 million dollars of fuel cost could be saved per year. The saved cost could help the ship owners to endure, considering the current low profits of the seaborne trade, and thus to protect the overall growth of the economy.
Machiavelli and the Politics of Democratic Innovation uses original readings of Machiavelli’s texts to develop a new theoretical model of democratic practice. Christopher Holman identifies two unique ...ideas in Machiavelli through his rearrangement of Machiavellian concepts. The first, drawn primarily from The Prince, is an image of the individual human being as a creative subject that seeks the exteriorization of desire via political creation. The second, drawn primarily from The Discourses on Livy, is an image of the democratic republic as a form of regime in which this desire for creative self-expression is universalized, all citizens being able to affirm their psychic orientation toward innovation through their equal access to political institutions and orders. Such institutions and orders, to the extent that they function as media for the expression of a fundamental human creativity, must be arranged so that they are capable of continual interrogation and refinement.
China established Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) for sulphur since 2015 to constrain the increasing shipping emissions. However, future DECA policy-makings are not supported due to a lack of ...quantitive evaluations. To investigate the effects of current and possible Chinese DECAs policies, a model is presented for the forecast of shipping emissions and evaluation of potential costs and benefits of an DECA policy package set in 2020. It includes a port-level and regional-level projection accounting for shipping trade volume growth, share of ship types, and fuel consumption. The results show that without control measures, both SO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions are expected to increase by 15.3–61.2% in Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta from 2013 to 2020. However, most emissions can be reduced annually by the establishment of a DECA that depends on the size of the control area and the fuel sulphur content limit. Costs range from 0.667 to 1.561 billion dollars (control regional shipping emissions) based on current fuel price. A social cost method shows the regional control scenarios benefit-cost ratios vary from 4.3 to 5.1 with large uncertainty. Chemical transportation model combined with health model method is used to get the monetary health benefits and then compared with the results from social cost method. This study suggests that Chinese DECAs will reduce the projected emissions at a favorable benefit-cost ratio, and furthermore proposes policy combinations that provide high cost-effective benefits as a reference for future policy-making.
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•Port and regional shipping emissions in China are forecasted for 2020.•Emissions of multiple designs of Domestic Emission Control Area are quantified.•Benefit-cost analysis shows the effectiveness of each design.•Chinese DECAs will reduce emissions at a favorable benefit-cost ratio.
This study forecasted shipping emissions and potential costs and benefits of a Chinese sulphur DECA policy package, which can be a reference for future policy-making.
China has been in the implementation phase of Domestic Ship Emission Control Areas (DECAs) regulation to reduce emissions of air pollutants from ships near populated areas since 2016. The Yangtze ...River Delta (YRD) is one of the busiest port clusters in the world, accounting for 11% of global seaborne cargo throughput, so future improvements in shipping emission controls may still be important in this region. To assess the impact of future ship emissions on air quality of coastal areas, this study evaluates emissions reductions and air quality in 2030 for three scenarios (business as usual, stricter regulations, and aspirational policies) representing increasing levels of control compared with a base year of 2015. We projected ship emissions in the region using a bottom-up approach developed in this study and based on the historical ship automatic identification system (AIS) activity data. We then predicted air quality across the YRD region in 2030 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The annual average contributions of ship emissions to ambient PM2.5 would decrease by 70.9%, 80.4%, and 86.2% relative to 2015 under the three scenarios, with the largest reductions of more than 4.1 μg/m3 near Shanghai Port under the aspirational scenario. Reductions in ship emissions generally led to lower levels of PM2.5, particularly in most of the coastal cities in the YRD. Compared with a business-as-usual approach the aspirational scenario reduced SO2, NOx and PM2.5 concentrations from shipping by 71.8%, 61.1% and 52.5%, respectively. It was also more effective than the stricter regulation scenario, suggesting that the requirement to use 0.1% sulfur fuel within a 100Nm DECA would have additional benefits to ambient PM2.5 concentrations beyond 12Nm DECA area. This study provides evidence to inform deliberations on the potential air quality benefits of future control policies for ship emissions in China.
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•The AIS data was able to be used in projecting ship emissions in future.•Scenarios considering both of fuel quality and control areas were effective.•Limiting fuel to 0.1% sulfur within 100 nautical miles reduced ambient PM2.5 most.
Decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) was officially listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It is necessary to establish its emission inventory to help ...reduce Deca-BDE contamination in the environment. We established a comprehensive Deca-BDE emission inventory in China. The results reveal that, from 2015 to 2017, the Deca-BDE emissions in its production source (source I) were less altered but increased annually in flame retarded plastics processing (source II), Deca-BDE-containing products usage (source III), and electronic waste (e-waste) treatment (source IV). We show that Deca-BDE emissions declined significantly in sources I and II but grew in source III and source IV from 2017 to 2018. We set up the provincial emission inventory to a gridded map on a spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° latitude/longitude. The gridded inventory was incorporated into ChnMETOP model to simulate Deca-BDE concentrations in air and soil, and the modeled concentrations were compared to field-sampling data. The results show that the Deca-BDE emission inventory developed in this study agreed well with observed data, demonstrating that the Deca-BDE inventory in China developed in the present study is reliable. The inventory provides a support for quantifying human exposure risk to Deca-BDE and developing effective mitigation measures to mitigate Deca-BDE emissions.
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•Deca-BDE emissions occurred mainly in eastern and southeastern China.•A significant reduction of Deca-BDE emissions in China was identified after the 2017.•ChnMETOP simulations of Deca-BDE were performed using Deca-BDE emissions.•Deca-BDE emissions were verified by comparing modeled and measured concentrations.
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By heating the trinuclear acetate-bridged molybdenum cluster, Mo3(µ3-O)(µ3-CCH3)(µ-O2CCH3)6(H2O)3+ in neat dichloroacetic acid for 4 h (T = 115 °C), a new trinuclear molybdenum ...cluster with chemical formula Mo3(µ3-O)(µ3-CCH3)(µ-O2CCHCl2)6(CH3OH)3+ (abbreviated as Mo3) was synthesized. After precipitation from solution with DI water and redissolution in methanol, red crystals formed after one week at 10 °C. To quantify the rate of substitution of the terminal methanol ligands, crystals of the trinuclear cluster were dissolved in 0.1 M pyridine‑d5 and monitored over time using 1H NMR (T = 297–310 K). The rate constant for substitution was found to be kobs298K = 1.87 × 10−4 s−1 and activation parameters equal toΔHobs‡ = 116 (±7) kJ/mol andΔSobs‡ = 74 (±23) J mol−1K−1. In an attempt to substitute the terminal methanol ligands using concentrated pyridine, a deca-molybdenum cluster with a cube-like polyoxomolybdate core was discovered (Mo10O10(μ3-O)8(μ-O)8(py)8(py)2) (abbreviated as Mo10). Herein, we describe the synthesis, crystallographic data, and substitution reactivity of Mo3(µ3-O)(µ3-CCH3)(µ-O2CCH2Cl2)6(CH3OH)3O2CCHCl2 and report on the unexpected formation of Mo10O10(μ3-O)8(μ-O)8(py)8(py)2 from neat pyridine.
As the largest container port in northern China, the prosperous maritime trade has not only promoted the economic development of Qingdao port but also brought serious pollution to the air quality. ...Ship emissions have caused a significant influence on public health. The establishment of the Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) is a key policy to reduce ship emissions in recent years. It has been implemented in Qingdao Port from January 1, 2019. To evaluate the environmental benefits of the DECA policy, this study established a bottom-up ship emission inventory in 2020 for Qingdao based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Changes in ship emissions and their impact on air quality in Qingdao are evaluated for the same study area before and after the implementation of DECA policy. The total emissions in all study area for SO2, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, HC and CO in 2020 are 8.16 × 103, 3.31 × 104, 1.25 × 103, 1.15 × 103, 1.18 × 103, 2.15 × 103 tons (t), respectively, reductions of 67.9%, 15.4%, 63.2%, 62.9%, 27.2% and 23.2% compared with 2016, and reductions of 73.42%, 29.97%, 69.54%, 69.26%, 39.71%, 36.44% compared with the scenario without DECA in 2020. The inter-month change and spatial distribution of ship emissions are similar in both years. Shinan District, Shibei District and Huangdao District are most affected by ship emissions, with the largest influence in summer. The ship's contribution to air pollution in each area had been significantly reduced, especially for SO2 and PM after DECA policy. However, the emission reduction of other pollutants is limited, so it is necessary to further enhance the DECA policy. Our research aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the environmental benefits for DECA policy, and provide support for the further improvement of the subsequent measures.
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•High spatiotemporal resolution ship emission inventory for Qingdao in 2020 is updated.•Total ship emission in Qingdao during 2020 was 46,965.7 tons, 37.7% lower than 2016.•More than 50% of ship pollutants occur within the baseline of territorial sea.•Ship emissions in summer have the most significant impact on urban air quality.•DECA policy has reduced ship emission of SO2 by 73.4% and PM2.5 by 69.5%.
U radu autor nastoji da pruži prikaz obrazovno-vaspitnog programa koji nosi naziv „filozofija za decuˮ. Uobičajena je intelektualna praksa da se filozofija shvata kao visoko-intelektualna delatnost ...dostupna posvećenim grupama ljudi, koji su se obično školovali i profesionalno profilisali za bavljenje filozofijom. „Filozofija za decuˮ problematizuje takvo (klasično) shvatanje filozofije kao ezoterične, akademske discipline. Pokazuje se mogućnost filozofskog istraživanja koje bi bilo dostupno mlađim uzrastima i prilagođeno osnovnoškolskom obrazovanju. Ta edukativna praksa, koju podržava mnoštvo empirijskih dokaza i primera, ne samo što transformiše naše razumevanje dece u klasičnim teorijama učenja, unapređuje njihove kognitivne i socijalne veštine, već revitalizuje naše shvatanje filozofije. Od samih početaka, tamo gde se filozofija negovala ona je stajala u tesnoj vezi sa demokratskom praksom zajednica. Jedan od način da filozofija (ponovo) postane stvar praxisa društva kao celine, a ne samo jednog njegovog dela, tiče se mogućnosti uspostavljanja komunikacije između filozofije i dece kao „prirodnihˮ filozofa i onih „na kojima svet ostajeˮ.
China has implemented the domestic emission control area (DECA) policy for shipping in different phases, such as DECA1.0 (2016–2018) and DECA2.0 (2019). This study aimed to examine the effects of ...cleaner ship fuels on air pollutants. The long-term online field measurements of SO2, NOX, CO, and PM2.5 have been carried out at Chongming Island, located at the cross section of the Yangtze River and the East China Sea, to observe the variation driven by the evolution of different-phased DECA policy during 2013–2019. Our results revealed that SO2 showed an evident declining trend in different seasons. Meanwhile, on-line hourly elemental vanadium and nickel concentrations in PM2.5 at Chongming Island and two other inland sites in Shanghai were measured. There were covariations and a decreasing gradient in the vanadium concentration from the Chongming Island site to the coastal site to the inland site in Shanghai. In retrospect to 2015, i.e., before DECA, the vanadium concentration had a reduction of 5.8% for DECA1.0 (2016–2018) and one of 60–70% for DECA2.0 (2019). The observed reduction was confirmed by the estimated decrease in ship emission amount of SO2 and vanadium around the Shanghai port after DECA policy. The annual average concentrations of vanadium and nickel in Chongming Island were still 5.69 ng/m3 and 3.1 ng/m3 even after DECA2.0, respectively. The ambient concentration of metals at the ecological Island could reduce the most in future cleaner fuel oils scenario. Our study provided the evidence for the environmental benefit of clean fuel oil and indicated the need of a full-scale switching to a stricter ship ECA policy in future.
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•Long-term and on-line measurements of pollutants at Chongming Island are presented.•Impact of shipping traffic on SO2 and metals is observed and confirmed.•Benefits of full-phase China DECA policy on coastal air quality are evaluated.
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