Companies and organizations often use manuals and guidelines to communicate and execute operational decisions. Decision Model and Notation (DMN) models can be used to model and automate these ...decisions. Modeling a decision from a textual source, however, is a time intensive and complex activity hence a need for shorter modeling times. This paper studies how NLP deep learning techniques can extract decision models from text faster. In this paper, we study and evaluate an automatic sentence classifier and a decision dependency extractor using NLP deep learning models (BERT and Bi-LSTM-CRF). A large labeled and tagged dataset was collected from real use cases to train these models. We conclude that BERT can be used for the (semi)-automatic extraction of decision models from text.
•First time the use of deep learning is investigated to extract DMN models from text.•Deep learning can be used to classify sentences describing logic or dependencies.•Deep learning can be used to extract decision dependencies from sentences.•First labeled and tagged dataset is made available for decision model extraction.•First decision tool extraction from text is made available to everyone.
This paper considers a green closed-supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer. A Stackelberg game model of centralized decision-making and decentralized decision-making with ...manufacturer’s fairness concern was constructed based on the consideration of retailer’s sales effort. The decision-making of supply chain members under the above two situations and their reasons are analyzed in depth. According to the model, a green closed-loop supply chain with profit sharing contract coordination fairness is designed. Finally, the correctness of the model is verified by numerical simulation. We generate our findings from three aspects, as follows: when the manufacturer has fair concern behavior, it is not conducive to the environmental performance of green products, resulting in waste of resources, but also forcing retailers to reduce sales efforts and increase the retail price of products. Finally, the benefits of green closed-loop supply chain are seriously damaged. The profit-sharing contract could improve the relationship between members of the supply chain to achieve sustainable economic and environmental development.
•The manufacturer’s fairness concern behavior is considered in the green closed loop supply chain.•The effects of fairness concern on retailer’s sales effort, product green degree, recycling rate and product pricing decisions were analyzed.•A profit-sharing contract is employed to realized the pareto improvement of green closed-loop supply chain with fairness concern behavior.•The research will help inspire enterprises to promote green production, and guide consumers to green consumption.
•We develop a household decision model on farming intensity when off-farm labor market is accessible.•The model is capable of explaining the hidden reasons of fallow in sloping and agriculturally ...less-favored locations.•Probit and Logit estimators are employed to estimate the probability of cropland abandonment.•The econometric results are consistent with our theoretical expectations.
Cropland abandonment has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in the mountainous areas of China. While there is a general understanding that this new trend is driven by the rising opportunity cost of rural labor, rigorous theoretical and empirical analyses are largely absent. This paper first develops a theoretical model to investigate household decisions on farming scale when off-farm labor market is accessible and there is heterogeneity of farmland productivity and distribution. The model is capable of explaining the hidden reasons of cropland abandonment in sloping and agriculturally less-favored locations. The model also unveils the impacts of heterogeneity of household labor on fallow decisions and the efficiency loss due to an imperfect labor market. The model is empirically tested by applying the Probit and Logit estimators to a unique household and land-plot survey dataset which contains 5258 plots of 599 rural households in Chongqing, a provincial level municipality, in Southwest China. The survey shows that more than 30% of the sample plots have been abandoned, mainly since 1992. The econometric results are consistent with our theoretical expectations. This work would help policy-makers and stakeholders to identify areas with a high probability of land abandonment and farming practice which is less sustainable in the mountainous areas.
The ability to use past learned experiences to guide decisions is an important component of adaptive behavior, especially when decision-making is performed under time pressure or when perceptual ...information is unreliable. Previous studies using visual discrimination tasks have shown that this prior-informed decision-making ability is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanisms underlying this deficit and the precise impact of dopaminergic denervation within cortico-basal circuits remain unclear. To shed light on this problem, we evaluated prior-informed decision-making under various conditions of perceptual uncertainty in a sample of 13 clinically established early PD patients, and compared behavioral performance with healthy control (HC) subjects matched in age, sex and education. PD patients and HC subjects performed a random dot motion task in which they had to decide the net direction (leftward vs. rightward) of a field of moving dots and communicate their choices through manual button presses. We manipulated prior knowledge by modulating the probability of occurrence of leftward vs. rightward motion stimuli between blocks of trials, and by explicitly giving these probabilities to subjects at the beginning of each block. We further manipulated stimulus discriminability by varying the proportion of dots moving coherently in the signal direction and speed-accuracy instructions. PD patients used choice probabilities to guide perceptual decisions in both speed and accuracy conditions, and their performance did not significantly differ from that of HC subjects. An additional analysis of the data with the diffusion decision model confirmed this conclusion. These results suggest that the impaired use of priors during visual discrimination observed at more advanced stages of PD is independent of dopaminergic denervation, though additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to more firmly establish this conclusion.
•Early stages of Parkinson's disease do not impair perceptual decision-making.•Patients optimally combined prior and current information to guide decisions.•Patients adjusted their decision threshold as a function of time constraints.•Modeling the data with the diffusion model strengthened these conclusions.
Poor air quality is the largest environmental health risk in England. In the West Midlands, UK, ∼2.9 million people are affected by air pollution with an average loss in life expectancy of up to 6 ...months. The 2021 Environment Act established a legal framework for local authorities in England to develop regional air quality plans, generating a policy need for predictive environmental impact assessment tools. In this context, we developed a novel Air Quality Lifecourse Assessment Tool (AQ-LAT) to estimate electoral ward-level impacts of PM2.5 and NO2 exposure on outcomes of interest to local authorities, namely morbidity (asthma, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, lung cancer), mortality, and associated healthcare costs. We apply the Tool to assess the health economic burden of air pollutant exposure and estimate benefits that would be generated by meeting WHO 2021 Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) (annual average concentrations) for NO2 (10 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (5 μg/m3) in the West Midlands Combined Authority Area.
All West Midlands residents live in areas which exceed WHO AQGs, with 2070 deaths, 2070 asthma diagnoses, 770 CHD diagnoses, 170 lung cancers and 650 strokes attributable to air pollution exposure annually. Reducing PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations to WHO AQGs would save 10,700 lives reducing regional mortality by 1.8%, gaining 92,000 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and preventing 20,500 asthma, 7400 CHD, 1400 lung cancer, and 5700 stroke diagnoses, with economic benefits of £3.2 billion over 20 years. Significantly, we estimate 30% of QALY gains relate to reduced disease burden. The AQ-LAT has major potential to be replicated across local authorities in England and applied to inform regional investment decisions.
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•Local government has an essential role in delivering air quality policy actions.•We developed an open-access health impact tool for regional policy appraisal.•We use the tool to estimate health impacts of NO2 and PM2.5 in West Midlands, UK.•All areas of the West Midlands exceed WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines.•Achieving WHO Guidelines would reduce regional mortality by up to 2%.
Background. New interventions are available for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in young infants. We aimed to assess the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of using a ...long-acting monoclonal antibody (RSV mAb) or maternal RSV vaccine in the Argentine context. Methods. We used a static proportionate outcomes model to calculate the costs and consequences of using RSV mAb or maternal RSV vaccine over a ten-year period (2025–2034) in Argentina, assuming both year-round and seasonal administration. We compared each intervention to no pharmaceutical RSV intervention. The primary outcome was the discounted cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted from a societal perspective. We assumed willingness-to-pay of US$ 12,285 per DALY averted (0.9 times the national gross domestic product per capita). We used population study data on costs and disease burden and the efficacy of clinical trials of both interventions as inputs. We ran deterministic and probabilistic uncertainty analyses. Findings. Either strategy (RSV mAb or maternal RSV vaccine) could prevent >25% of RSV deaths aged <5 years and ∼30% aged <6 months (the age group where most intervention impact occurs). With a dose price of $US 50, both products have a 100% probability of being cost-effective compared to no intervention (US$ 5283 95%CI $5203–$5363 and US$ 5522 95%CI $5427 – $5617 per DALY averted for year-round use of RSV mAb and maternal RSV vaccine, respectively). Similar health impact could be achieved by a six-month seasonal strategy, which could improve cost-effectiveness by around 45% (assuming the dose price is unchanged). Interpretation. Either RSV mAb or maternal RSV vaccine are worth consideration in Argentina when priced at ≤US$ 50 per dose. A seasonal strategy could improve cost-effectiveness.
•Integrated Decision Model: The research introduces a decision model for optimizing the operation of cascade hydropower stations, balancing power generation and ecological considerations.•Jinsha ...River Case Study: The model’s application in the lower Jinsha River uncovers significant conflicts between energy production and ecological preservation objectives.•Comprehensive Decision-Making: The study underscores the necessity of a holistic decision-making strategy that integrates multiple objectives and utilizes advanced algorithms to promote sustainable river management and align economic and ecological interests.
The establishment and functioning of cascade hydropower stations have significantly altered the natural state of rivers, leading to increasingly severe ecological impacts downstream. To mitigate the adverse effects of cascade reservoir impoundment on river ecosystems and achieve the multi-objective goals of hydropower development and environment protection, this study presents an integrated decision model for optimizing the operation of cascade hydropower stations, utilizing the lower Jinsha River as a case illustration. The proposed model comprises three main components: ecological flow calculation, establishment of a multi-objective optimization model, and scheme evaluation. The ecological flow threshold for the river was determined using the Tennant method. The multi-objective optimization model was formulated with objectives including power generation, ecological flow shortage, and navigation disruption days. The NSGA-II algorithm was employed to resolve the optimization framework. The improved TOPSIS method was adopted for evaluating the operation schemes. The case study conducted in the downstream region of the Jinsha River revealed significant conflicts between the objectives of power generation and ecological conservation. Moreover, different typical years exerted a considerable influence on determining the optimal operation scheme. The proposed integrated decision model provides a scientific framework for guiding the water resource dispatching of cascade hydropower stations and achieving the harmonization of economic and ecological benefits. Overall, this research contributes to the academic field by addressing the complex difficulties related to optimizing the operation of cascade hydropower stations while considering ecological concerns. The findings underscore the importance of adopting a comprehensive decision-making approach that integrates multiple objectives and utilizes advanced algorithms for sustainable river management.
Racial stereotypes are commonly activated by informational cues that are detectable in people's faces. Here, we used a sequential priming task to examine whether and how the salience of emotion ...(angry/scowling vs. happy/smiling expressions) or apparent race (Black vs. White) information in male face primes shapes racially biased weapon identification (gun vs. tool) decisions. In two experiments (N
= 546) using two different manipulations of facial information salience, racial bias in weapon identification was weaker when the salience of emotion expression versus race was heightened. Using diffusion decision modeling, we tested competing accounts of the cognitive mechanism by which the salience of facial information moderates this behavioral effect. Consistent support emerged for an initial bias account, whereby the decision process began closer to the "gun" response upon seeing faces of Black versus White men, and this racially biased shift in the starting position was weaker when emotion versus race information was salient. We discuss these results vis-à-vis prior empirical and theoretical work on how facial information salience moderates racial bias in decision-making.
Service improvement is of great importance for hotels to gain advantages. Several studies determined the prioritization of service improvement by identifying the relationship between service ...performance and customer satisfaction but ignored the impact of consumer expectations and managers' subjective opinions. This paper provides an online reviews-driven method for hoteliers to determine the prioritization of improvements in hotel services. Firstly, the improved penalty–reward contrast analysis that quantifies the sentiment tendencies and intensities in online reviews is used to identify types of service attributes. Secondly, based on the categorization of attribute types, three types of consumer expectations that affect consumer satisfaction are mined. Thirdly, the improved three-way decision model is used to determine the priority of allocation resources combining with managers’ subjective opinions. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the case study of Four Seasons Hotel service improvement, and the advantages of this method are illustrated by comparative analysis.
For the purpose of fabricating unsaturated polyester modified concrete (UPMC) with excellent shrinkage and fracture properties for bridge deck pavement, the optimization design of mix proportion and ...enhancement mechanism analysis were implemented based on system theory. Firstly, for unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) subsystem, the viscosity, mechanical properties and droplet-size distribution were analyzed to determine the types and dosage of auxiliary additives after emulsification treatment; Next, for UPMC mortar slave-system, the optimization design was implemented through the combination of experimental analysis and hybrid multi-attribute ellipsoidal decision of grey-target (HMEDG) model; Subsequently, for UPMC main-system, the optimal proportion was determined utilizing orthogonal design test. Finally, the variation law and enhancement mechanism on fracture properties and shrinkage characteristics of UPMC was analyzed by combining macroscopic test, thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated that 2.0 wt%BPO+1.0 wt%DMA and meta-benzene types UPR were utilized as auxiliary additives for UPMC based on the results of HMEDG models. The demulsified and cured WUP might supplement the interior moisture losses based on humidity compensation, and substantially constrain the evaporation loss inside the matrix, upgrading the hydration degree and facilitating the generation of hydration products. The introduction of 3 %-6 % waterborne-UPR (WUP) would improve 28d-fracture toughness within approximately 23.33 %-49.32 %, and reduce the shrinkage deformation by roughly 28–43 % through inducing the crack tip stress redistribution against the initiation and propagation of interior microcracks and enhancing the homogenization and densification.
•The multi-objective optimization of mix proportion of UPMC for bridge paving layer were implemented based on system theory.•The demulsification and curing of WUP supplemented the interior moisture, constrained the evaporation loss inside matrix.•WUP relieved the interior stress concentration and induced the crack tip stress redistribution against propagation.•WUP improved the cracking load, delayed the peak load and retarded the attenuation rate of load-bearing capacity of UPMC.•The autogenous-shrinkage and overall shrinkage deformation of UPMC were mainly affected with IRH and less by IT.
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