Soap and water are often considered the gold standard for dermal decontamination. However, recent systematic reviews have shown that these methods often result in incomplete decontamination and may ...even induce contaminant absorption due to the “wash‐in” effect. Therefore, it is important to gain insight on other decontamination methods. A literature search was done using PubMed to find experimental studies relating to dry decontamination performed with readily available items. Seven studies met eligibility criteria, and the study model, dry decontaminant, method of dry decontamination, method of analyzing decontamination, and main conclusions from each study were extracted, summarized, and compared. Important conclusions include that all studies investigated found that dry decontamination yielded decreases in contamination. In addition, it was shown by multiple studies that not only the decontaminant, but the manner in which it is used (method used blotting, rubbing, etc., amount used, and whether decontamination instructions are provided to exposed individuals) is vital to success. Finally, in all four studies that investigated wet and dry decontamination combination protocols, combinations were more efficacious than dry decontamination alone. However, this means that dry improvised decontamination can be performed while waiting for the deployment and arrival of further formal decontaminants. These conclusions deserve consideration in the event that universal decontamination guidelines are designed. However, more studies are required in order to draw definitive conclusions regarding the important topic of dermal decontamination.
This review explores the efficacy of readily available dry decontaminants. Seven studies met inclusion criteria, and all found that dry decontamination yielded decreases in contamination. Multiple found that not only the decontaminant, but the way it is used is vital to success. All studies investigating combination (wet and dry) protocols found they were more efficacious than dry decontamination alone. Thus, dry decontamination should be performed while awaiting deployment/arrival of additional formal decontaminants. More studies are required to optimize decontamination guidelines.
With the constant possibility of occupational exposures, chemical warfare, and targeted attacks, increased attention has been given to determining effective and timely dermal decontamination ...strategies. This systematic review summarises experimental studies reporting decontamination with water‐based solutions of dermal chemical contaminants with in vivo human data. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were comprehensively searched using search terms (“cutaneous” or “skin” or “dermal” or “percutaneous”) and (“decontamination” or “decontaminant” or “skin decontamination”) to include 10 studies, representing 18 chemical contaminants, 199 participants, and 351 decontamination outcomes. Three studies included data from decontamination with water (10.8%, n = 38/351 decontamination outcomes), seven with soap and water (68.4%, n = 240/351 decontamination outcomes), and two with 10% isopropanol distilled water (20.8%, n = 73/351 decontamination outcomes). Results of dermal decontamination using water showed complete decontamination (CD) outcomes in 52.6% (n = 20/38) and partial decontamination (PD) in 47.4% (n = 18/38); using soap and water showed PD outcomes in 92.9% (n = 223/240) and minimal to no effect in 7.1% (n = 17/240); and using 10% isopropanol distilled water achieved PD outcomes in 100.0% (n = 73/73). Available data show that decontamination with water, soap and water, and 10% isopropanol distilled water is incomplete. Much remains to be learned about decontamination of the large variety of chemical contaminants including a range of molecular weights, lipid and water solubilities, melting points, volatility, and hydrogen bonds, as well as clinically relevant anatomic sites. A major void exists in data confirming or denying the completeness of decontamination by measuring absorption and excretion. The development of effective decontamination solutions is of high priority.
This systematic review summarises experimental studies reporting decontamination with water‐based solutions of dermal chemical contaminants with in vivo human data. Available data show that decontamination with water, soap and water, and 10% isopropanol distilled water is incomplete. Much remains to be learned about decontamination of the large variety of chemical contaminants including a range of molecular weights, lipid and water solubilities, melting points, volatility, and hydrogen bonds, as well as clinically relevant anatomic sites.
•Clearance level of radioactive metal waste by electrolytic decontamination assessed.•LiCl-KCl eutectic-4 wt.% NiCl2 with max. 8 wt.% CoCl2 electrolyte at 500 °C used.•For Co conc.< 167 ppm, 3 ...decontamination cycles required to meet clearance level.•Electrolytic decontamination can be used to treat nuclear waste.
Many countries are in the process of decommissioning their nuclear power plants. These power plants contain valuable metals, including Inconel alloys, which are often only contaminated on the surface. Metals are typically decontaminated using laser ablation. However, electrolytic decontamination is a simpler and less expensive solution. Our investigation aimed to develop a method for decontaminating Inconel alloy contaminated with Co to clearance level for recycling and reuse. This study focused on the electrolytic decontamination of Ni-0.2 wt.% Co alloy, identified as a potential replacement for the radioactively contaminated material. Molten LiCl-KCl-NiCl2-CoCl2 (500 °C) was used as the electrolyte in the experiments and the potential recyclability of the used electrolyte was examined. In the absence of CoCl2 in the electrolyte, the decontamination factor is 1.38E8 after the third cycle of electrolytic decontamination. Considering that the decontamination factor corresponding to the clearance level is 1.27E7, three cycles of electrolytic decontamination are considered to be sufficient. Additionally, an investigation of the possibility of recycling the used electrolyte showed that the solidified products formed after vacuum distillation were LiCl, KCl, and Co oxide with traces of Ni oxide. ICP analysis of the LiCl and KCl collected after vacuum distillation revealed that the concentration of Co was less than 0.1 ppm, which suggests that the used electrolyte can be recycled. These findings are expected to offer valuable insights into the electrolytic decontamination process, its limitations, and potential applications in the processing of nuclear waste.
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This study describes firefighters' on-scene decontamination procedure use post-working fire and frequency of adherence to best practice.
This retrospective analysis of working fires was conducted ...using records from the ESO Data Collaborative (Austin, TX) national research database from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Documentation of decontamination procedures was examined among records with smoke or combustion products exposure. Firefighter and incident characteristics were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and univariable odds ratios were calculated.
Among the 31,281 firefighters included in the study, 8.0% documented a fire-related exposure. Of those, 82% performed at least one on-scene decontamination procedure; 5% documented all decontamination procedures defined as best practices. The odds of documenting any decontamination procedure were significantly decreased among firefighters responding to incidents in rural areas compared with urban areas (odds ratio, 0.70).
Fire personnel may not be taking all necessary decontamination steps post-working fires.
Water-only or soap and water solutions are considered a gold standard for skin decontamination. However, there is lack of conclusive data regarding their efficacy. The aim of this study was to ...summarize in vivo animal model data on skin decontamination using water-only, and/or soap and water. Covidence, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles using water-only or soap and water decontamination methods in in vivo animals. Data extraction was completed from studies, representing three animal models, and 11 contaminants. Results demonstrated water-only decontamination solutions led to complete decontamination in 3.1% (n = 16/524) protocols, incomplete decontamination in 90.6% (n = 475/524) of protocols, and mortality in 6.3% (n = 33/524) of protocols. Soap and water decontamination solutions resulted in complete decontamination in 6.9% (n = 8/116) protocols, incomplete decontamination in 92.2% (n = 107/116) of protocols, and mortality in 6.9% (n = 8/116) of protocols. Although water only, or soap and water is considered a gold standard for skin decontamination, most papers investigated found that water only, and soap and water provided incomplete decontamination. Due to the insufficient data, and limitations that hinder the applicability of available data, evidence indicates that more contemporary studies investigating skin decontamination are needed, and compared to other model species, including humans, when practical.
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