A tanulmány célja bemutatni, hogy milyen szerepet játszik Szíria az Iráni Iszlám Köztársaság katonai doktrínájában, különösen annak előretolt védelemmel kapcsolatos elveiben. A tanulmány az ...iráni–szíriai szövetség rövid történelmi áttekintését követően ismerteti az iráni haderő sajátos szervezeti struktúráját és katonai doktrínáját, azon belül is hangsúlyt helyezve az előretolt védelem doktrínájára. Ezt követően pedig megkísérli Irán szíriai katonai szerepvállalásának vizsgálatán keresztül meghatározni Szíria szerepét az előretolt védelem doktrínájának megvalósításában. A tanulmány végezetül rámutat arra, hogy Irán szíriai katonai jelenlétének fenntartása az előretolt védelem szempontjából kritikus fontosságú, de kihívásokkal terhelt, így a teheráni vezetésnek a jövőben törekednie kell arra, hogy a két ország közötti katonai és gazdasági szövetséget Bassár el-Aszad személyén túlmutatóan is minél inkább elmélyítse.
The development of the EU as an actor in the field of security and defence is a challenge for Norway. Being a NATO member, but outside the EU, Norway offers an interesting case study of how a ...non-member adapts to the growing importance of the EU in security and defence affairs. The war in Ukraine has made the issue even more interesting. The article illustrates and explains two phenomena: how a country outside the EU perceives this development and how it responds to the Union’s new status. The article does this by looking into not only Norwegian policy documents on how the country is adapting to the EU’s new role, but also how the country’s authorities and defence industry have been setting strategy with regard to it. The response from and strategy taken by Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace AS, the largest Norwegian defence firm, regarding this new role for the EU is taken as a case in point.
Although the Blitz has come to symbolize the experience of civilians under attack, Germany first launched air raids on Britain at the end of 1914 and continued them during the First World War. With ...the advent of air warfare, civilians far removed from traditional battle zones became a direct target of war rather than a group shielded from its impact. This is a study of how British civilians experienced and came to terms with aerial warfare during the First and Second World Wars. Memories of the World War I bombings shaped British responses to the various real and imagined war threats of the 1920s and 1930s, including the bombing of civilians during the Spanish Civil War and, ultimately, the Blitz itself. The processes by which different constituent bodies of the British nation responded to the arrival of air power reveal the particular role that gender played in defining civilian participation in modern war.
Defense 101 Michael E. O'Hanlon
2021, 2021-05-15
eBook
In Defense 101, a concise primer for understanding the United States' $700+ billion defense budget and rapidly changing military technologies, Michael O'Hanlon provides a deeply informed yet ...accessible analysis of American military power. After an introduction in which O'Hanlon surveys today's international security environment, provides a brief sketch of the history of the US military, its command structure, the organization of its three million personnel, and a review of its domestic basing and global reach, Defense 101 provides in-depth coverage of four critical areas in military affairs: • Defense Budgeting and Resource Allocation: detailed budget and cost breakdowns, wartime spending allocations, economics of overseas basing, military readiness, and defense budgeting versus US grand strategy • Gaming and Modeling Combat: wargaming, micro modeling, nuclear exchange calculations, China scenarios, and assessments of counterinsurgency missions • Technological Change and Military Innovation: use of computers, communications, and robotics, cutting-edge developments in projectiles and propulsion systems • The Science of War, military uses of space, missile defense, and nuclear weapons, testing, and proliferation For policy makers and experts, military professionals, students, and citizens alike, Defense 101 helps make sense of the US Department of Defense, the basics of war and the future of armed conflict, and the most important characteristics of the American military.
The unsung heroes who defend the accused from the ultimate punishment
What motivates someone to make a career out of defending some of the worst suspected killers of our time? In Capital Defense, Jon ...B. Gould and Maya Pagni Barak give us a glimpse into the lives of lawyers who choose to work in the darkest corner of our criminal justice system: death penalty cases. Based on in-depth personal interviews with a cross-section of the nation’s top capital defense teams, the book explores the unusual few who voluntarily represent society’s “worst of the worst.”
With a compassionate and careful eye, Gould and Barak chronicle the experiences of American lawyers, who—like soldiers or surgeons—operate under the highest of stakes, where verdicts have the power to either “take death off the table” or put clients on “the conveyor belt towards death.” These lawyers are a rare breed in a field that is otherwise seen as dirty work and in a system that is overburdened, under-resourced, and overshadowed by social, cultural, and political pressures.
Examining the ugliest side of our criminal justice system, Capital Defense offers an up-close perspective on the capital litigation process and its impact on the people who participate in it.
Explores the life of groundbreaking attorney, Elreta Melton Alexander Ralston. In 1945 Alexander became the first African American woman to graduate from Columbia Law School; in 1947 the first ...African American woman to practice law in North Carolina; and in 1968 the first African American woman to become an elected district court judge.
Theory to explain how plants defend themselves against herbivorous insects is rich, but can be difficult to test. Biological invasions provide unique opportunities to test and improve upon plant ...defense theory, as plants experience predictable shifts in insect herbivory after introduction to a new range. Here, we use an invasion to evaluate the power of three cornerstone hypotheses to predict the evolution of defense against herbivorous insects. These three hypotheses represent increasing refinements of classic plant‐insect theory regarding optimal defense, and each rests on the same three assumptions: that introduced plant populations escape natural enemies, that insect herbivory reduces plant fitness, and that putative defenses decrease herbivory. These assumptions remain untested in most invasions, which likely contributes to conflicting support for many plant defense hypotheses. We provide evidence that these assumptions are met in common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae), which we propose can thus be used as a model system to test plant defense theory. We find that the hypothesis that integrates predictions of within‐plant optimal defense theory and the evolutionary dilemma model (i.e., the ‘shifting defense allocation’ hypothesis) provides strong insights into both invasion and evolution of plant defense. Specifically, we show that introduced populations that escape important specialist herbivores increase the concentration of secondary compounds in high‐quality tissue in particular, in this case protecting valuable young leaves from generalist herbivores that dominate in the introduced range. We would not have detected this shift without exploring within‐plant defense allocation across native and introduced populations, a task rarely undertaken when assessing evolutionary change in plant defenses. This finding provides broad insight into how native and introduced plant populations alike may respond to shifts in herbivore pressure. We close by highlighting future directions of inquiry using introduced plant populations to develop and test plant defense theory more generally.
We use an invasive plant, Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae), to evaluate the power of three cornerstone hypotheses to accurately predict the evolution of defense against herbivorous insects, and argue that V. thapsus is a model system for testing plant defense theory more broadly. We find that the hypothesis that integrates predictions of within‐plant optimal defense theory and the evolutionary dilemma model provides strong insights into invasion and evolution of plant defense. We close by highlighting future directions of inquiry in plant invasions.
Plants possess a rather complex and efficient immune system. During their evolutionary history, plants have developed various defense strategies in order to recognize and distinguishing between self ...and non-self, and face pathogens and animal pests. Accordingly, to study the plant innate immunity represents a new frontier in the plant pathology and crop protection fields. This book is structured in 6 sections. The first part introduces some basic and general aspects of the plant innate immunity and crop protection. Sections 2–5 focus on fungal and oomycete diseases (section 2), bacterial and phytoplasma diseases (section 3), virus diseases (section 4), and insect pests (section 5), with a number of case studies and plant–pathogen/pest interactions. The last section deals with plant disease detection and control. The book aims to highlight new trends in these relevant areas of plant sciences, providing a global perspective that is useful for future and innovative ideas.
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