•A fast numerical method for forced convection transient conjugate heat transfer has been developed.•A new dimensionless number is proposed to determine the moment of suspension of the flow ...field.•The initial error of the quasi-steady algorithm is optimized by choosing a high fluid development stage.•The computational speed is increased while maintaining a certain level of computational accuracy.
In this study, a fast numerical method for solving the forced convection conjugate heat transfer problem was developed. The method first proposes a new dimensionless number (Fs) that represents the degree of influence of convection on the temperature field in the flow field. It delineates the stage of development of the flow field by monitoring the change in Fs to determine the moment when the flow field suspends updating and improve the computational efficiency of the transient temperature field. The accuracy of the algorithm is verified by taking the fluid–solid conjugate heat transfer under forced convection conditions as an example, which can accurately capture the changes of the flow field for a given monitoring step number of 100, and classify the flow field into E3, E4 and E5 development stages according to the judgment criteria. The results show that the higher development stages correspond to smaller levels of root mean square error (RMSE) of monitoring point temperatures within 3600 s of physical simulation time, and stages E3, E4, and E5 can reach the levels of E-2, E-3, and E-4, which are 3.4, 3.3, and 3.1 times faster than the traditional coupled calculations, respectively. The algorithm is still applicable at variable time steps, but it will require a higher number of determinations compared to a fixed step. The initial error of the quasi-steady algorithm can be reduced from the E-1 level to E-4 by choosing a higher stage of development. Finally the algorithm is tested under a variety of conditions by varying the inlet temperature and flow rate and is found to be robust to both device warming and cooling.
This study extends the Pecking Order Theory by investigating the role of start-ups' strategic posture for financial decision-making. Using a contingency approach, it proposes that a start-up's ...entrepreneurial orientation differently affects the costs and benefits associated with external debt and equity financing, and thereby its use of the respective financing forms; with the strength of these relationships depending on industry-level risk and venture development stage. The study tests and confirms these hypotheses on a sample of 4456 German start-ups. It advances the entrepreneurial finance literature by taking strategic posture and its contingencies into account, and adds insight in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. It also provides valuable practical implications for start-up founders and external financiers.
•We advance Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) as a driver of start-ups' external financing decisions.•Start-ups with low EO are likely to follow the traditional pecking order.•Start-ups with high EO are likely to prefer equity over debt capital.•These relationships depend on industry-level risk and start-ups' development stage.
One of the largest issues facing countries, particularly emerging nations with high population, production, and consumption growth, is an inadequate waste management system (WMS). This paper analyzes ...the development of the waste management systems of nine capital cities in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region by using a recently developed approach, the Waste Management System–Development Stage Concept. This concept comprises five development stages and various components, including Collection and Transport, Waste Disposal, Energy Recovery, Waste Recycling, and Waste Prevention and Reuse. The findings indicate that in terms of waste collection, waste disposal, and energy recovery, Singapore is at a higher development stage (Stage 5) and is more advanced than other ASEAN cities. For most of the components, Bangkok, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, and Manila fall into stages 2 to 4, whereas the early development stages 1 to 3 are present in Bandar Seri Begawan, Hanoi, Phnom Penh, and Vientiane. The results will be used to determine the next steps in developing the WMSs, including the introduction of separate collection for recycling or the installation of a waste-to-energy plant. The environmental impact of each measure will be later assessed using the LCA approach, and the most effective measures shall be identified in future studies.
With China's rapid urbanization and industrialization, carbon emission in Chinese cities deserve special attention, and promoting low-carbon city (LCC) is considered essential for China. However, ...different cities present different development stages and carbon emission scenarios. This study presents the factors affecting carbon emission by introducing a city development-stage framework. The method of logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) is adopted to decompose emission factors into energy structure, energy intensity, industrial structure, economic output and population scale. Beijing is chosen as the case city in this study, and four development stages for the city are identified by using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, namely, S1 (−1991), S2 (1991–2004), S3 (2004–2022) and S4 (2022-). As the data collected for analysis are only available for the period of 1995–2014, this study focuses on the factor analysis for the stage S2 and S3. The results show that the main driving factor for carbon emission increase in the stage S2 is economic output, followed by population scale, while the main factor contributes to carbon emission reduction in this stage is the industrial structure. In the stage S3, the economic output is the top contributor to increase carbon emission, followed by population scale and energy structure, whereas energy intensity is the main influencing factor in curbing the carbon emission. Although the paper refers to the specific case of Beijing, the understanding on the driving emission factors in different development stages not only provides policy-makers and practitioners with valuable references for adopting effective measures to reduce carbon emission, but also provides other cities internationally with important lessons for accelerating the development of LCC. The innovative economic development stage framework incorporates carbon emission characteristics provides a new approach for understanding driving emission factors at city or national level.
Eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbiotas at the macroscale level are largely driven by ecological variables. The diet and living environment of the oriental fruit fly,
, diversify during development, ...providing a natural system to explore convergence, divergence, and repeatability in patterns of microbiota dynamics as a function of the host diet, phylogeny, and environment. Here, we characterized the microbiotas of 47
individuals from three distinct populations by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. A significant deviation was found within the larvae, pupae, and adults of each population. Pupae were characterized by an increased bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity. Principal components analysis showed that the microbiotas of larvae, pupae, and adults clearly separated into three clusters.
, and
were the predominant families in larval and adult samples, and PICRUSt analysis indicated that phosphoglycerate mutases and transketolases were significantly enriched in larvae, while phosphoglycerate mutases, transketolases, and proteases were significantly enriched in adults, which may support the digestive function of the microbiotas in larvae and adults. The abundances of
(mainly
) and
(mainly
) were significantly higher in pupae, and the antibiotic transport system ATP-binding protein and antibiotic transport system permease protein pathways were significantly enriched there as well, indicating the defensive function of microbiotas in pupae. Overall, differences in the microbiotas of the larvae, pupae, and adults are likely to contribute to differences in nutrient assimilation and living environments.
In this paper we explain the effectiveness of green policies on the basis of development stage of countries.
The analysis conducted on developing and developed countries in the time span 2004–2011, ...following a two-step approach: in the first step, we consider the green policy sectors (regulatory policies, fiscal incentives, and public investments) while in the second step we analyze individually the policies adopted by countries.
Results confirm that not all policies promote the investments in Renewable sources and their effectiveness depend by the stage of development of the countries.
Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on terrestrial ecosystems has become one of the most important drivers of microbial diversity loss on a global scale, and has been reported to alter the ...soil function of nutrient-poor, montane Calluna vulgaris heathlands in the context of global change. In this work we analyze for the first time the shifts of bacterial communities in response to experimental addition of N in Calluna heathlands as a simulation of atmospheric deposition. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of five N addition treatments (0, 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 3-years; and 56 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 10-years) on the resistance of soil bacterial communities as determined by changes in their composition and alpha and beta diversities. The study was conducted in montane Calluna heathlands at different development stages (young and mature phases) in the southern side of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). Our results evidenced a substantial increase of long-term (10-years) N inputs on soil extractable N-NH4+, particularly in young Calluna stands. The alpha diversity of soil bacterial communities in mature Calluna stands did not show a significant response to experimental N addition, whereas it was significantly higher under long-term chronic N addition (56 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 10-years) in young Calluna stands. These bacterial community shifts are mainly attributable to a decrease in the dominance of Acidobacteria phylum, the most representative in montane Calluna ecosystems, in favor of copiotrophic taxa such as Actinobacteria or Proteobacteria phyla, favored under increased N availability. Future research should investigate what specific ecosystem functions performed by soil bacterial communities may be sensitive to increased nitrogen depositions, which may have substantial implications for the understanding of montane Calluna ecosystems' stability.
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•Analysis of the effect of N deposition on soil bacterial communities in heathlands•The diversity of bacterial communities was resistant to N addition in mature stands.•Long-term chronic N addition increased bacterial diversity in young heathlands.•Shifts mediated by changes in dominance of oligotrophic/copiotrophic taxa
Immature rice was reported to contain higher quantities of bioactive compounds than mature rice. Young rice protein is easy to digest and has hypoallergenic potential, with protein content of ...7.2–11.5% compared to rice bran at 9.8%. Few studies have reported on bioactivities and characterization of young rice proteins and their hydrolysates. Bioactivities of native protein and protein hydrolysates of two rice varieties (white rice and colored rice) were characterized and investigated for four development stages (flowery, milky, dough, and mature). Degree of hydrolysis of young rice protein was considerably higher than at the mature stage. Highest DPPH and iron chelating activity were found in alcalase® protein hydrolysate during the flowery-to-milky stage. Iron chelating activity was constant in all development stages because of the low polar amino acid content in rice. The ACE activity of alcalase® protein hydrolysate was higher than native protein at the same development stage, as observed in the milky and dough stages. Inhibitory activity of young rice hydrolysate HepG2 cells was concentration-dependent and not correlated with protein molecular size.
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У cmammi обгрунтовано, що конкурентоспроможний потенщал, будучи складною, динамичною категорию залежить eidргвня розвитку тднрисмства, конкурентно·! позици, можливосгт залучения та поеднання окремих ...eudie pecypcie. Дефтщйо «конкурентоспроможний потенщал» було уточнено з урахуванням и штенсюналъшя та екстенсюнально! характеристик. Дос/идження штенсюналъшя характеристики конкурентоспроможного потенщалу було реализовано через формування понятшно-категоргалъного концепту термшу; виокремлення його властивостей та визначення взасмозв'язку поняття «конкурентоспроможний потенщал» з споргдненими категориями. Було виокремлено властивост! конкурентоспроможного потенщалу тднрисмства у два блоки: емерджентш та методологгчш. До складу емерджентних властивостей було включено цшсшсть, неаддитившстъ, взасмозв'язок h зовнйишм середовищем, протиентропшшстъ та складшстъ конкурентоспроможного потенщалу. Методолог1чш властивост! конкурентоспроможного потенщалу представлен! такими, як: цлеспрямовашстъ, мулътшшкатившстъ, безперервшсть, адаптившсть та синергетичшстъ. Взасмозв'язок поняття «конкурентоспроможний потенщал» з виокремленням стльних та в1дмшних властивостей було досл!джено з такими спор1дненими категориями, як: «конкуренщя», «конкурентш eidnocunu», «конкурентний потенщал», «конкурентш переваги» та «конкурентоспроможшстъ». Екстенсюнальна характеристика дефшщи «конкурентоспроможний потенщал тднрисмства» в!дображас сукуптсть систем, яким притаманний змкт дефшщи «конкурентоспроможний потенщал» i до яких застосустъся eidnoeidnuü термш. Авторами було сформовано каузальний ланцюг «конкуренщя» - «конкурентш eidnocunu» - «конкурентний потенщал» - «конкурентш переваги» - «конкурентоспроможний потенщал» - «конкурентоспроможшстъ», використання якого дозволить тдвищити ргвенъ обгрунтованост! доа/иджень конкурентоспроможного потенщалу шдприемств у ринкових умовах. Необх1дтстъ формування система управлшня конкурентоспроможним потенщалом тднрисмства пояснюсться турбулентшетю райкового оточення та жорсткою конкуренцию на ринку. Грунтуючись на постулатах системного ашшзу авторами було запропоновано концептуальну схему системи управлшня конкурентоспроможним потенщалом тднрисмства.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a signal molecule, is regarded as the intersection node of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and its contributions to flavonoid metabolism in tea plant growth and ...development remain unclear. The correlation between the GABA shunt and flavonoid metabolism in tea plants is worth to explore. Secondary metabolites and their correlations with the taste of tea soup made from tea plants (Camellia sinensis) during different seasons were investigated. Related secondary metabolites and transcript profiles of genes encoding enzymes in the GABA shunt, flavonoid pathway and polyamine biosynthesis were measured throughout the tea plant growth seasons and after exogenous GABA applications. In addition, the abundance of differentially expressed proteins was quantified after treatments with or without exogenous GABA. The tea leaves showed the highest metabolite concentrations in spring season. CsGAD, CsGABAT, CsSPMS, CsODC, CsF3H and CsCHS were found to be important genes in the GABA and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways. GABA and anthocyanin concentrations showed a positive correlation, to some extent, CsF3H and CsCHS played important roles in the GABA and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
●The correlation between the GABA shunt and flavonoid metabolism in tea plants was firstly explored.●Secondary metabolites and related genes in the GABA shunt and flavonoid biosynthesis were monitored throughout the whole growth season.●CsF3H and CsCHS played important roles in the GABA and anthocyanin network.●The regulation of Anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was influenced by signaling molecule (GABA).
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