Seeing Double Larsen, Jens Kristian
Plato : the Internet journal of the International Plato Society,
10/2021, Volume:
22
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In a crucial passage in the Republic (454a1-8) found within a discussion of women’s role in the ideal polis, division of eidē is identified as necessary for dialectic. A careful consideration of the ...way division is described in this passage reveals that it resembles the procedure of division described in the Phaedrus and the Sophist and that this procedure, when carried out correctly, is central to dialectic according to the Republic and helps set dialectic apart from eristic. Consideration of additional passages in the Republic indicates that division may be employed on different kinds of entities, such as virtues and types of human natures; for according to the argument of the Republic, the correct use of division for the purpose of distinguishing types of human natures or virtues, entities that to the untrained eye may look alike but are distinct by nature, is required for achieving the knowledge philosophers and philosopher-rulers need. In fact, correctly performed divisions help the dialectician to bring into focus a subject matter under consideration in a kind of double-vision that reveals that matter as a concrete phenomenon that exhibits participation in different eidê when it is considered from different points of view.
Classical logic, argument and dialectic D'Agostino, M.; Modgil, S.
Artificial intelligence,
September 2018, 2018-09-00, 20180901, Volume:
262
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A well studied instantiation of Dung's abstract theory of argumentation yields argumentation-based characterisations of non-monotonic inference over possibly inconsistent sets of classical formulae. ...This provides for single-agent reasoning in terms of argument and counter-argument, and distributed non-monotonic reasoning in the form of dialogues between computational and/or human agents. However, features of existing formalisations of classical logic argumentation (Cl-Arg) that ensure satisfaction of rationality postulates, preclude applications of Cl-Arg that account for real-world dialectical uses of arguments by resource-bounded agents. This paper formalises dialectical classical logic argumentation that both satisfies these practical desiderata and is provably rational. In contrast to standard approaches to Cl-Arg we: 1) draw an epistemic distinction between an argument's premises accepted as true, and those assumed true for the sake of argument, so formalising the dialectical move whereby arguments' premises are shown to be inconsistent, and avoiding the foreign commitment problem that arises in dialogical applications; 2) provide an account of Cl-Arg suitable for real-world use by eschewing the need to check that an argument's premises are subset minimal and consistent, and identifying a minimal set of assumptions as to the arguments that must be constructed from a set of formulae in order to ensure that the outcome of evaluation is rational. We then illustrate our approach with a natural deduction proof theory for propositional classical logic that allows measurement of the ‘depth’ of an argument, such that the construction of depth-bounded arguments is a tractable problem, and each increase in depth naturally equates with an increase in the inferential capabilities of real-world agents. We also provide a resource-bounded argumentative characterisation of non-monotonic inference as defined by Brewka's Preferred Subtheories.
This article offers an omissive critique of integral theory. To this objective, the article draws upon dialectical logic to investigate the affinities between integral theory and critical realism. ...Section 1 identifies new possibilities regarding the role of metatheory in practice by unpacking the metatheoretical coordinates of critical realism and integral theory. After providing a brief history of the origins of critical realism and integral theory, I review the ontological, epistemological, and methodological metatheorems of dialectical critical realism, and I put them to work to provide an omissive critique of integral theory. Then I introduce the notion of strictly non-dialectic because it functions to explain formally how integral theory relates to critical realism. Section 2 isolates the inadequacies at every moment in the passage from the MELD dialectic. Section 3 concludes the article with a discussion of the implications of foregrounding a critical realist ontology for integral theory.
Las últimas décadas han servido para que la dialéctica, entendida como tradición filosófica, sea desmitificada y actualizada. El presente trabajo pretende aportar a aquello, ofreciendo una ...reconstrucción de la teoría jurídica de base dialéctica que permita comprender el Derecho como un fenómeno multidimensional que, a su vez, forma parte de una totalidad internamente relacionada. En primer lugar, se presenta a la tradición filosófica dialéctica. Posteriormente, se desarrolla su sustrato ontológico y epistemológico. En tercer lugar, se hace referencia a la relación entre el pensamiento dialéctico y lo concreto. En cuarto lugar, se establecen conexiones entre la teoría jurídica crítica y la dialéctica. En quinto lugar, se reflexiona sobre la relación entre capitalismo, lucha de clases y Derecho. En sexto lugar, se presenta una reconfiguración de la tesis de los hechos sociales. En séptimo lugar, se presentan y estructuran las dimensiones que la tradición dialéctica ha desarrollado al momento de estudiar el Derecho. Finalmente, a modo de colofón, se ofrecen algunas conclusiones.
The concept of the “part” and the “whole,” as well as the relationship between them, is a major topic in the history of philosophy in general, and the history of Western philosophy in particular, ...which has been discussed by many philosophers and schools of philosophy. However, for different reasons, only when the Marxist-Leninist philosophy was formed and developed, the most fundamental factor from the worldview and methodological position, the conception of “part” and “whole” as well as the dialectical unity between the “part” and the “whole” are explained most accurately and scientifically. Nevertheless, for several reasons, the above issue is rarely mentioned and studied systematically in Vietnam, despite being one of the significant contents, constituting the great values of materialist dialectics. Therefore, the study of the Marxist-Leninist philosophical conception of the dialectical unity between the “part” and the “whole” has great theoretical significance and involves many critical methodological aspects, providing effective thinking tools to help people practice effectively.
The relationship between Heidegger and Chinese Taoism has long been ambigious, and the recent publication of Heidegger’s
(GA97-102) will help us to find the answer. From the co-translations of the
by ...Heidegger and Paul Shih-yi Hsiao in the
, it is clear that Heidegger’s expressions and ideas were transformed by
. This paper attempts to point out the documentary evidence of the relevant influence and to indicate how the language of Heidegger’s thought was completely transformed by the Daoist dialectic in a purely philosophical syntactic logic. It will further show the future intellectual value of this transformation.
Dialectics are an integral part of the problems that contemporary plastic art deals with in light of changing perceptions that the artist deals with through artwork, where most of the plastic art ...works belonging to contemporary art participate in expressing the idea composed of artwork by dealing with the physical and sensory elements that Through which the recipient is communicated, the artist has become essentially dependent on the idea as a constructive element of the artwork, and this is evidenced by the attempt of many artists to present a vision or an intellectual philosophy for their artworks. This coincided with the launch of a set of technical, technical and stylistic variables and concepts that are occurred in the field of contemporary art, which implicitly led to a controversial problem arising in the nature of the structural elements that control the march of the artwork, and its formative construction, where contemporary art works that depend on the idea In the physical construction of the work, you need that the intellectual content be fit to express in a physical way the form of the artwork, and that the intellectual content is also visible in terms of material and sensory in the artwork. The research aims to reveal the dialectical dimensions and the possibilities of compatibility between the physical and intellectual structural elements in contemporary plastic artwork. While the problem of research lies in the question about the possibilities of achieving compatibility between the physical and intellectual structural elements in contemporary plastic artworks?
Process studies focus attention on how and why things emerge, develop, grow, or terminate over time. We identify various ontological assumptions underlying process research, explore its methods and ...challenges, and draw out some of its substantive contributions revealed in this Special Research Forum on Process Studies of Change in Organization and Management. Process studies take time seriously, illuminate the role of tensions and contradictions in driving patterns of change, and show how interactions across levels contribute to change. They may also reveal the dynamic activity underlying the maintenance and reproduction of stability.
A priori, there is a “tension” between the principles of Stoic philosophy, which include a rejection of anything in rhetoric that deviates from a pure and hard dialectic, and the cultural environment ...where Arrien and Epictetus evolved, where rhetoric was omnipresent, and this from the initial training. The purpose of this article is to analyze the manifestations of this presence of rhetoric in Book 3 of the Discourses, both as a traditional target of criticism and as an instrument of an extremely sophisticated pedagogy.
The Socratic Method known as elenchus is the method used in Plato’s earlier dialogues namely Socratic dialogues. This method was a response to the sophists’ claim about the teaching of the virtue. ...Socrates used this method to disclose their ignorance. Through questioning and answering, he tried to make others aware that the searching for knowledge and virtue is achievable in a dialectical process and in relation to the other. The Socratic Method is not a simple method of dialogue, but it also points to the finitude of human understanding and, consequently, to the nature of philosophical thinking. From Socrates’s viewpoint, philosophy means the love of knowledge, and the claim on absolute knowledge is nothing more than an illusion. Through question and answer, Socrates tries to challenge other’s claim of knowledge and put them on the path of searching for knowledge. Thus the Socratic Method can play a powerful role in teaching. In Socrates’s thought we observe the interconnectedness of elements, all of which are understood in relation to each other. The doctrine of recollection, elenchus, dialectical art, question and answer and so on are among these elements. In this paper, while paying attention to these elements we will try to examine the nature of the Socratic Method.
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