Two competing discourses emerge from a careful reading of parliamentary debates in Norway on rural development. One regards rural values as intrinsic, while the other regards the rural as an actor in ...a play about economic growth. The 'growth' discourse has economic growth as its nodal point and fo-cuses on the freedom of an individual to establish a business wherever he or she wishes, and to migrate to any preferred destination. The 'intrinsic value' discourse places the value of rural settlements and cultures as its nodal point and focuses on allegedly forced migration, a nature-based economy, and local freedom of action. During the neoliberal period, starting about 1980 the strength of the intrinsic value discourse has been increasingly displaced by the growth discourse. The latter seems to match general social changes such as neoliberalism and globalization more than the former. However, analysing the fight between these two discourses is not exhaustive. A broader analytic perspective is needed if we want to understand the logic of how the meaning of rurality comes about. The meaning of rurality in Norwegian politics is made through the way the competing discourses link up to 'nondiscursive' topics that originate and evolve outside the discourses on Norwegian rural politics. We claim that topics which include economic safety and national identity/nation-state are more or less fundamental to understanding the logic of the production of the concrete discourses of rurality in Norwegian politics. We provide evidence that rural change is contingent not only on the meaning-making process in parliamentary debates, but on the way truth claims made by politicians are linked to general national and global issues.
he paper aims to show the idea of intertwining of various existing accommodation entities within space, originating in the past and standing for an apparent novelty in modern times. In recent years, ...under the influence of globalisation, with social and demographic change, the needs and wishes of inhabitants and visitors of the Alpine Space have been changing unpredictably. We need to offer new forms of spending leisure time and adapt to the constantly changing demands. The traditional organization of settlement structure in rural space is being abandoned and adapted to a new way of living, different settlement patterns, social and demographic shift etc. These new interventions are in a different relationship with nature than they were in the past. New forms of leisure activities have been implemented, such as alternative, green, rural tourism etc. More and more the concept of sustainable, more ethical and responsible spatial interventions is prevailing, which does not only include the issues of preserving the environment but cultural, economic and political ones as well.The key issues in studying the development of settlement in the Slovenian Alps were: How to enable the coexistence of traditional settlement patterns in the untouched protected landscape? How to ensure the coexistence of traditional rural architecture and modern architecture intended for a larger number of visitors? And how can these elements be connected in the »story about attractiveness«? In the area of the Alpine Space, the diversity of dispersed settlement patterns is important for further development of sustainability-oriented housing and human settlement while offering different and diverse leisure activities.
Geotourism as a sustainable form of regional development sustains the geographical character of place, including its environment, culture or heritage. It doesn't help only to understand abiotic or ...biotic environment but also build greater awareness of cultural environment of people. As geoparks has to be established in rural areas it offers great potential for rural development of marginal areas. Areas with dispersed settlement in Nova Bana region (Slovakia) are marginal areas that offer great potential for sustainable tourism development. The aim of this article is to outline the potential of the area with dispersed settlement for development of geotourism. Dispersed settlement in Slovakia represents unique historical landscape structures expressing historical time phenomenon, they are very fragile and very sensitive to changes. Present evolutional trends might lead to extinction of this unique settlement. Due to this fact, geotourism is a way to help the development of this area in a sustainable way without violation genius loci of the area. The part of the analysis is socio - economic characteristic of the area as well as tourists' characteristics.
Cette thèse interroge les mutations de l’habitation dans le cadre des transitions socioécologiques. Ces transitions sont des processus de mutations des sociétés qui visent à diminuer leur empreinte ...écologique et s’initient par des niches, des transformations marginales. Ce travail s’intéresse ainsi à la transformation en marge de la production de l’habitat et porte sur des initiatives ascendantes impulsées par les habitants qui mettent en place de l’autopromotion ou qui sont impliqués dans des projets de pouvoirs publics. Les « habitats alternatifs » étudiés sont situés en marge du phénomène d’urbanisation, dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne. En effet, dans ces territoires, de nouvelles ruralités émergent à travers l’arrivée de nouveaux habitants soutenue par des structures associatives et favorisée par des politiques publiques incitatives de développement des collectivités locales et des Parcs naturels régionaux. J’interroge ainsi dans ce travail la mise en place de l’habitation écologique dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne dans le cadre des transitions socioécologiques.L’hypothèse générale de ce travail est la suivante : les projets d’ « habitat alternatif » sont le lieu privilégié de l’expérimentation de l’habitation écologique dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne. Je propose ainsi de vérifier cette hypothèse par une approche globale des projets d’ « habitat alternatif » afin de comprendre le système d’habitation écologique mis en place. J’analyse d’abord l’articulation entre acteurs dans le processus de projet et l’utilisation des ressources matérielles, énergétiques et en eau dans la construction et l’usage de ces habitats. J’explore ensuite le déploiement des manières d’habiter dans l’organisation de l’habitat et dans l’espace local par les mobilités. Aborder différents types d’ « habitat alternatif », écohameaux, habitat participatif rural et écolotissement, permet d’abord d’interroger les mutations de l’aménagement des territoires ruraux à partir des initiatives habitantes. Par là même, je mets en évidence les articulations entre les démarches individuelles, les programmes d’accompagnement des réseaux associatifs et les politiques publiques incitatives. Ensuite, par l’approche des marges de la production de l’habitat, j’interroge la contribution des projets d’habitat alternatif à l’habitation écologique des territoires de dispersion bâtie. Je montre l’importance des stratégies collectives pour permettre une sobriété des modes de vie, une utilisation des ressources locales et une mutualisation de l’espace et des biens. Ce travail révèle ainsi une habitation écologique au sein de la dispersion bâtie qui s’appuie sur une autonomie locale et une intégration aux réseaux physiques et virtuels.
This thesis examines the mutations of housing in the context of socio-ecological transitions. These society change processes aim to reduce ecological footprint and are initiated in niches by marginal changes. This work addresses the transformations in the margins of habitat production and it focuses of bottom-up initiatives driven by the inhabitants who set up self-promotion housing or that are involved in public authorities’ projects. The studied alternative housing projects are located in urbanization margins, in mid mountains rural areas. Indeed, in these territories, new ruralities have emerged based on the arrival of new residents supported by non-profit organization and promoted by local government policies and Parcs naturels régionaux. In this work, I thus question the organization of ecological housing in rural areas in the context of the socio-ecological transitions.The general hypothesis of this research is the following one: the alternative housing projects experiment ecological housing in mid mountain rural areas. I propose to test this hypothesis with a global approach to alternative housing projects in order to understand the ecological housing system organization. First, I analyze the relationship between actors in the project process and the use of material, energy and water resources in the construction and operation of these habitats. I then explore the deployment of the ways of living in the organization of the habitat and in the local space through the mobilities. Addressing different types of alternative housing, ecocommunity, rural cohousing and ecological estate, first allows to analyze the rural planning changes from inhabitants’ initiatives. In this way, I highlight the links between individual projects, support program of non-profit organizations and incentivizing public policies. Then, in the context of habitat production margins, I examine the contribution of alternative housing projects to the ecological housing of dispersedly built areas. I show the importance of collective strategies to allow a sober lifestyles, a use of local resources and mutualisation of space and goods. This work brings to light an ecological housing of dispersedly built areas between based on local autonomy and integration within physical and virtual networks.
Homestead trees are a group of trees surrounding houses that have been maintained for a variety of functions in housing and human life. For example, there are functions for controlling the ...environment of outdoor spaces, such as windbreaks and solar radiation shielding. In addition, for the role of living materials, woods are used as a building material and fallen leaves are used as a fuel. In the past, homestead trees existed along with houses in many cases. For this reason, the homestead trees, called various names depending on the characteristics of the location, have been found all over Japan since long ago. However, due to the development of cities and changes in lifestyles, the number of homestead trees has been decreasing since the 1970s. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the windbreak effects of traditional homestead trees in Miyagi Prefecture called "Igune". The flow field around a scattered village-style rural house with 10 m high Igune on the prevailing wind direction side was analyzed by using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The shape of the buildings and Igune was captured by referring to a digital surface model constructed with aerial images taken using a drone. LES (Large-eddy simulation), which can directly reproduce wind velocity fluctuations composed of turbulent eddies larger than the computational grid. The aerodynamic effects of the Igune were modeled based on the concept of the vegetation canopy model. The weak region behind the Igune extended downward approximately 10 times the height of the Igune. The mean wind speed on the site was reduced by approximately a quarter of the situation without Igune. In addition, it was found that the 99-percentile low-occurrence strong-wind-speed in the courtyard was reduced to a quarter. It was confirmed that the calm wind environment was formed with Igune.
This paper examines the archaeological settlement pattern and vegetation history of Bela krajina region of Slovenia in order to better understand the interaction of human activities and environmental ...processes in the landscape. Pollen record of two small palaeoecological sites (Mlaka and Griblje) indicates that human impact on the vegetation at circa 4150 calBC was intensive (forest cutting/burning, beech decline and formation of fields, pastures, meadows) and can be associated with numerous Neolithic/Eneolithic sites, located in the Lahinja river basin and the Kolpa lowlands. Human pressure on the (lowland/riverine) environment slightly decreased between c. 3750–2850 calBC. This coincides with the appearance of a more dispersed settlement pattern, including the formation of short-term settlement/activity areas on the karst plateau. This change to a more extensive Eneolithic settlement pattern can be presumably associated with change in economy (more intensive pastoralism and transhumance, possibly also soil erosion) and is partially borne out by evidence from excavated sites in the area.
The urban fringe is extending outwards, (un)planned settlement growth is occurring on various land types and can also affect important natural and environmental qualities. By analysis of expansion of ...built-up areas in a case study area in the Ljubljana urban region (LUR) over a lengthy period (1951–2002) we can establish, which land was affected by growth and which spatial qualities were damaged or lost. From the findings we can conclude, how efficient the system of land protection from development was, since it was primarily oriented towards protection of agricultural land. The law on protection of agricultural land before changes of land use should have ensured protection of best agricultural land. According to the law agricultural land was classified into areas of best agricultural land, which are best suited for agricultural cultivation or areas, which are less suitable for agricultural cultivation. Practically all plains were grouped into the first category. Planning of settlements and all other activities occurring in the environment were left with hardly any opportunities, but also because of various conflicts large areas of best agricultural lands were lost, just as other lands that are important for preservation of nature and natural resources.
This study clarifies the land use and institutional problem of dispersed settlement for Tonami City and Takaoka City located in Tonami plains in Toyama Prefecture, and aims to propose the land use ...control manual method in the dispersed settlement of the future.From the research, we can point out that there is a problem in the application of the agricultural promotion system of Toyama Prefecture as a background to which development in Area of the Land for Agricultural Use is easily done like Tonami City. Features of this system are that the possibility of development rises if the lots for artificial use exist from the development site within 50m. As a result, development happens frequently in Tonami City where the regulation is loose.
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