The belt-transect survey at a scale of 1:25000 was investigated in order to clarify the relation between the inhabitation of frogs and the landscape structure in the Isawa alluvial fan. The index ...value of frog abundance was investigated and obtained by counting egg masses and by the hearing density of calling. The invasion situation from the hill of each frog to a large paddy field region has been understood. The breeding site of brown frogs Rana japonica and R. ornativentris, was restricted to the edge of the alluvial fan. Also under the cliff of the terrace side where water oozes out in the spring, the breeding site for both brown frogs existed in a detached district of the fan. As for R. rugosa and Rlacophorus schlegelii, the inhabitation was found only in the southern fan region. It was hypothesized that the existence and quantity of a ground waterway network and small pieces of wood were the distribution restriction factors for each species. In contrast, Rana porosa porosa inhabited in the whole region of the fan by a high density; especially it was remarkable in the northern fan region where it currently improved by rectangular field plotting. For this reason, the investigation year of 2001 has many land consolidation paddy fields, which are comparatively old now, and it is possible that the majority of the ground waterway still remained.
Isawa Plain is a fan having a 20km radius which was formed in the Diluvial Epoch, and its surface is mainly composed of fluvial terraces formed in theree different levels, namely high, intermediate ...and low. The density of scattered farmsteads spreading on the whole area of the fan at present is high at the low level and relatively low at the intermediate and high levels. The development of arable land began in ancient times in the lower part of the level area, but that in the intermediate and high level areas belongs to later days, and in a part of the high level area, there are some places which were developed after the Second World War. Also the irrigation channels for paddy fields were mostly for those in the low level terrace area. Therefore, in the intermediate and high level areas and the upper part of the low level area, the proportion of paddy fields was low, and many fallow areas existed. At the end of the medieval period, the pattern of land utilization was still like this, and it hardly changed till the beginning of Meiji Era. Concerning Wakayanagi Village, which is located in the uppermost part of the low level area, the origin of the dispersed settlements and the structure of the settlements were elucidated. In Wakayanagi Village, the location of the settlements varies, such as the small village at the foot of a mountain and the isolated farmsteads spreading over the plain. By the analysis of the cadastres at the beginning of Edo Period and other materials, the individual family lines were investigated. The results are as follows: i) In Wakayanagi Village, there was no large increase in the number of houses throughout the Edo Period. ii) In the small village at the foot of a mountain, among the peasants registered in the cadastres, some relations of the same family existed already at that time. iii) However, among the scattered farmsteads in the plain, no such related families existed. Afterward, by the creation of branch families, the relation of same family was born. iv) Among the isolated farmsteads in the intermediate and high level areas, which were newly reclaimed in the middle Edo Period, the mutual relation to the same family has not existed. As mentioned above, it is considered that the existence or not of the relation to the same family is related to the realization of the two forms, collective settlement and dispersed settlement.
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There are dispersed settlements in Iki island all around. Their beginning and actual conditions are yet unknown in detail. In this study, the natural and the geographical features of this island and ...the allotment system of land in the Edo period are investigated in relation to the settlement pattern. And it is made clear that "the land use pattern of Iki" is a set of the land use consisting of a wind break at the back, a dwelling lot, a vegetable garden in the front and the scattered farmland. In conclusion their problems in planning are considered.
De nombreuses découvertes ont mis en évidence le nombre et l'importance des sépultures à caractère germanique ou militaire pour l'histoire de l'occupation du sol dans le nord de la Gaule. Situées à ...proximité de fortifications, d'agglomérations secondaires, ou isolées dans les campagnes, ces tombes témoignent de la pénétration germanique en Gaule et de la militarisation d'une partie de la société. Mais à côté de ces sépultures existent dans les campagnes, à proximité immédiate d'établissements ruraux souvent encore prospères, des tombes qui reflètent une solide tradition provinciale gallo-romaine, caractérisées par des rites et des dépôts funéraires guère différents de ceux connus dans les grandes nécropoles urbaines. Moins connues que les tombes "germaniques", car moins nombreuses et souvent isolées, elles apportent un éclairage particulier sur l'occupation des campagnes et la dispersion de l'habitat rural au Bas-Empire.
Many finds make obvious the number and the great importance of Germanic weapon-graves for the study of Late Roman northern Gaul. Situated near fortifications, small towns or more often in the countryside, those graves give evidence for Germanic immigration in Gaul and for the militarisation of the society at the end of the fourth century. They give also evidence for a trend toward nucleated settlement patterns in the countryside. But other burials were found beside fourth century rural settlements and villae. They belong to the owners and inhabitants of the villae and reflect a solid provincial tradition. Grave-goods and types of grave are similar to those in the provincial cities. Less common as the "Germanic" ones and often isolated, they give a particular light on rural occupation and denote the permanence of a dispersed settlement pattern in the Late Roman countryside of northern Gaul.
Van Ossel Paul. L'occupation des campagnes dans le nord de la Gaule durant l'Antiquité tardive : l'apport des cimetières. Rural settlements in northern Gaul in the late empire : evidences from the cemeteries.. In: Monde des morts, monde des vivants en Gaule rurale, Actes du Colloque ARCHEA/AGER (Orléans, 7-9 février 1992) Tours : Fédération pour l'édition de la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, 1993. pp. 185-196. (Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France, 6)
One of the first great historians of Peru, Pedro de Cieza de León, considered the Titicaca Basin one of the most important regions in all of the Indies. By the time Cieza visited the area, the Inca ...empire had controlled the region for about two generations. The physical and cultural landscape that the first Western historians saw in the sixteenth century was primarily defined by the pre-Inca peoples of the Titicaca Basin. By and large, the peoples of Collasuyu, as the circum-Titicaca Basin was known in the Inca empire, were Aymara-speakers who had created several large and powerful kingdoms, or
The paper attempts to describe the possibilities of shaping the environment and spatial development of the rural administrative areas of Białowieża, using the tools of planning documents. The natural ...and cultural space of Białowieża rural administrative district is particularly sensitive to any investment activities. It is impossible to overestimate its value, and the need to take care of it is a natural necessity, determining all activities, especially planning and architectural-urban planning ones, responsible for its future shape. The aim of the study is to indicate ways of searching for such possibilities so that the two – natural and cultural – structures harmoniously interpenetrate each other. Subsequent steps and activities are described in detail, starting with a very precise identification of the resources of the space under analysis, followed by the execution of an architectural and urban planning inventory, conducting a nature and landscape study up to the development of a list of parameters and indicators, and ending with the development of a three-dimensional model of the settlement units of the rural district, based on the provisions of the draft local spatial development plan.
Urban sprawl is a complex phenomenon that requires a comprehensive reflection on the most significant patterns and underlying processes. While the “sprawl” notion parallels hegemonic concepts such as ...economic competitiveness, social cohesion, and polycentric development, an integrated analysis of sprawl patterns and processes in paradigmatic socioeconomic contexts is increasingly required to reconcile different disciplinary visions, contributing to a holistic interpretation of metropolitan change. At the same time, sprawl is an increasingly evident product of local socioeconomic contexts all over the world. A comprehensive investigation of multifaceted, form–function relationships underlying sprawl—based on a quali-quantitative analysis of representative cases—is a crucial pre-requisite of both monitoring and policy actions at multiple spatial scales, from urban/regional to national/continental levels. The present contribution proposes a contextualization of the sprawl notion in Southern Europe—a socioeconomic context characterized by compact and continuous urbanization for a long time. An integrated approach based on a visual analysis of urban and peri-urban landscapes—integrated with an extended literature survey—allows for a definition of a specific sprawl model in Southern Europe, sharing some features with the United States ideal type of sprawl and showing peculiarities with respect to common models of urban dispersion typical of Northern and Western Europe. Policies aimed at containing urban dispersion may definitely benefit from a local-based definition of sprawl, considering the specificity of form–function relationships and the underlying socioeconomic context.
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