Special types of rural settlements in Slovakia, so-called dispersed settlements, are typical of several regions in the country. They are recognized as specific elements in a landscape and have a ...strong effect on local identity. They are a part of a historical landscape structure, constituting a unique natural and cultural heritage. For this reason, they deserve special attention in planning and management processes. Decision-making processes about the landscape that do not take into consideration that the inherent value of those structures could lead to their irreversible loss. This paper aims at the evaluation of specific landscape elements in the case study area and describes their effect in terms of the sociohistorical, environmental, and visual context and their influence on sustainability. Both cultural and environmental inventories were interpreted in relation to spatiotemporal land cover/use changes. The field inventory and geospatial analysis, using geographic information systems (GIS) tools, resulted in the categorization and evaluation of 63 dispersed settlement units in the study area of Čadca. We propose a management method, giving reasonable detail to proposed incentives, for each dispersed settlement unit category. The proposed methodology is intended to create a classification of the dispersed settlement units from the perspective of landscape archetypes. The cultural and environmental assessment of dispersed settlement units resulted in the definition of indicators signaling the presence of a particular archetype.
Patterns of residential heat demand in rural Switzerland Schlegel, Matthias; Trutnevyte, Evelina; Scholz, Roland W.
Building research and information : the international journal of research, development and demonstration,
04/2012, Volume:
40, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Heat demand reduction mitigates the negative consequences of energy use. Recent reduction potential analyses have focused on city or country levels, yet European rural areas also show considerable ...heat consumption, although they have rarely been investigated. This paper locates the major residential heat consumers in rural areas and identifies the related building types. The case of the rural, pre-alpine Swiss canton (state) of Appenzell Ausserrhoden with 20 municipalities is used for analysis. Its current demand patterns are examined with respect to buildings' construction periods, heating system types and energy carriers. Spatial differences, especially between nucleated (densely settled) villages and dispersed settlements, are observed. Specific final heat demand per heated area and occupant is similar in both settlement types, equalling 0.5 GJ/m
2
/year and 32 GJ/cap/year. In terms of specific useful heat demand, buildings in nucleated villages consume one-tenth more than in dispersed settlements, and in nucleated villages up to 86% of that heat stems from fossil fuels. Thus, to increase import independence and demand equality, and mitigate climate change, these buildings should be primary targets. The results provide a foundation for creating efficient, evidence-based policy for heat demand reduction in rural municipalities but should be coupled with investigating socio-economic, epistemic and cultural aspects of heat demand.
La réduction de la demande de chauffage atténue les conséquences négatives de l'utilisation de l'énergie. Les analyses récentes sur le potentiel de réduction ont surtout porté sur la consommation de chauffage au niveau des villes ou au niveau des pays. Les zones rurales européennes représentent pourtant également une consommation de chauffage considérable, bien qu'elles aient rarement été étudiées. Cet article localise les principaux consommateurs résidentiels de chauffage des zones rurales et identifie les types de bâtiments concernés. Le cas du canton suisse rural préalpin d'Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures Appenzell Ausserrhoden, qui comprend 20 municipalités, est utilisé pour l'analyse. Ses schémas actuels en matière de demande sont examinés sous l'angle des périodes de construction, des types de systèmes de chauffage et des vecteurs énergétiques des bâtiments. Des différences spatiales sont observées, en particulier entre les villages à habitat groupé (densément peuplés) et les habitats dispersés. La demande de chauffage spécifique finale par superficie chauffée et par occupant est similaire dans les deux types d'habitat, équivalant à 0,5 GJ/m
2
/an et à 32 GJ/habitant/an. En termes de demande de chauffage utile spécifique, les bâtiments des villages à habitat groupé consomment un dixième de plus que ceux des habitats dispersés, et dans les villages à habitat groupé jusqu'à 86 % de ce chauffage provient de combustibles fossiles. Par conséquent, pour accroître l'indépendance à l'égard des importations et l'égalité de la demande, et pour atténuer le changement climatique, ces bâtiments devraient être les cibles principales. Les résultats obtenus posent les bases d'une politique efficace, fondée sur des données probantes, de réduction de la demande de chauffage dans les municipalités rurales, mais devraient êtres combinés avec une analyse des aspects socio-économiques, épistémologiques et culturels de la demande de chauffage.
parcs bâtis habitats dispersés réduction de la consommation d'énergie des ménages réduction de la demande de chauffage parc de logements zone rurale villages à habitat groupé
Temeljem izvora, prvenstveno kartografskih, u članku se obrazlažu dvije faze kolonizacije Varaždinskog generalata i Križevačke županije: onu prije i onu poslije donošenja Statuta Valachorum. ...Objašnjava se razvoj naseljenosti, dioba posjeda i tipovi formiranja naselja. Mogu se izdvojiti tri osnovne faze u razvoju naselja: 1. Naseljavanje u obliku zaselaka – nastaje rastresito selo sa zaseocima; 2. Početna faza okupljanja – nastaje naselje manje-više okupljenog plana ali nepravilnog tlocrta; 3. Izgradnja duž glavne prometnice – naselja formirana na pobrđu spuštaju se prema prometnici u podnožju. Navodi se nekoliko osnovnih tipova ruralnih naselja na području varaždinske vojne granice: 1. Okupljena naselja nepravilnog tlocrta, 2. Nizna naselja duž cestovnih prometnica, 3. Nizna naselja duž vodotoka, 4. Nizna naselja s tendencijom razvoja središnjeg trga, 4. Raštrkana naselja sa zaseocima.
There are dispersed settlements all around Iki Island. "Hure" is an agricultural community and "Koju" is a group for belief in the neigbourhood. They support isolated families in dispersed ...settlements with their social bands. Spatial structure of "Hure" setllements is considered a cluster whitch consists of sets of "wind breaker + dwelling lot + front field" as its unit. There are many buildings in a dwelling lot consisting of a main house, a retreat, a cookig hut, cowsheds, barns, drying huts of tabacco plants etc. Conserving the units should be very important for keep of living space and environment of the settlements form the viewpoint of ecology.
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