What are the causes and consequences of species diversity in forested ecosystems, and how is this species diversity being affected by rapid environmental and climatic change, movement of invertebrate ...and vertebrate herbivores into new biogeographic regions, and expanding human populations and associated shifts in land-use patterns? In this book, we explore these questions for assemblages of forest trees, shrubs, and understory herbs at spatial scales ranging from small plots to large forest dynamics plots, at temporal scales ranging from seasons to centuries, in both temperate and tropical regions, and across rural-to-urban gradients in land use.
In this landmark book, Scott Page redefines the way we understand ourselves in relation to one another. "The Difference" is about how we think in groups--and how our collective wisdom exceeds the sum ...of its parts. Why can teams of people find better solutions than brilliant individuals working alone? And why are the best group decisions and predictions those that draw upon the very qualities that make each of us unique? The answers lie in diversity--not what we look like outside, but what we look like within, our distinct tools and abilities. "The Difference" reveals that progress and innovation may depend less on lone thinkers with enormous IQs than on diverse people working together and capitalizing on their individuality. Page shows how groups that display a range of perspectives outperform groups of like-minded experts. Diversity yields superior outcomes, and Page proves it using his own cutting-edge research. Moving beyond the politics that cloud standard debates about diversity, he explains why difference beats out homogeneity, whether you're talking about citizens in a democracy or scientists in the laboratory. He examines practical ways to apply diversity's logic to a host of problems, and along the way offers fascinating and surprising examples, from the redesign of the Chicago "El" to the truth about where we store our ketchup. Page changes the way we understand diversity--how to harness its untapped potential, how to understand and avoid its traps, and how we can leverage our differences for the benefit of all.
Hill numbers or the effective number of species are increasingly used to quantify species diversity of an assemblage. Hill numbers were recently extended to phylogenetic diversity, which incorporates ...species evolutionary history, as well as to functional diversity, which considers the differences among species traits. We review these extensions and integrate them into a framework of attribute diversity (the effective number of entities or total attribute value) based on Hill numbers of taxonomic entities (species), phylogenetic entities (branches of unit-length), or functional entities (species-pairs with unit-distance between species). This framework unifies ecologists' measures of species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and distance-based functional diversity. It also provides a unified method of decomposing these diversities and constructing normalized taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional similarity and differentiation measures, including
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-assemblage phylogenetic or functional generalizations of the classic Jaccard, Sørensen, Horn, and Morisita-Horn indexes. A real example shows how this framework extracts ecological meaning from complex data.
Diversity in orthopedics is lacking despite ongoing efforts to create a more inclusive workforce. Increasing diversity necessitates recruitment and retainment of underrepresented providers, which ...involves representation among leadership, mentorship initiatives, and development of a safe work environment. Discrimination and harassment behaviors are prevalent within orthopedics. Current initiatives aim to address these behaviors among peers and supervising physicians, but patients are an additional underrecognized source of these negative workplace behaviors. This report aims to establish the prevalence of patient-initiated discrimination and harassment within a single academic orthopedic department and establish methods to reduce these behaviors in the workplace.
An internet-based survey was designed using the Qualtrics platform. The survey was distributed to all employees of a single academic orthopedic department including nursing staff, clerks, advanced practice providers, research staff, residents/fellows, and staff physicians. Survey was distributed on two occasions between May and June of 2021. The survey collected information on respondent demographics, experience with patient-initiated discrimination/harassment, and opinions regarding possible intervention methods. Fisher exact test was used for statistical analysis.
Over one half of survey respondents report observing or personally experiencing patient-initiated discrimination within our orthopedics department (57%, n=110). Nearly half of respondents report observing or personally experiencing patient-initiated harassment within our department (46%, n=80). Encounters with these behaviors were more commonly reported from resident and staff female physicians. The most frequently reported negative patient-initiated behaviors include gender discrimination and sexual harassment. Discordance exists regarding optimal methods to address these behaviors, but one third of respondents indicate potential benefit from visual aids throughout the department.
Discrimination and harassment behaviors is common within orthopedics, and patients are a significant source of this negative workplace behavior. Identification of this subset of negative behaviors will allow us to provide patient education and provider response tools for the protection of orthopedic staff members. Ideally, minimizing discrimination/harassment behaviors within our field will help create a more inclusive workplace environment and allow continued recruitment of diverse candidates into our field.
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The Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society awards the Jacquelin Perry, MD Resident Research Grant and RJOS/Zimmer Biomet Clinical/Basic Science Research Grant to female orthopedic surgeons, intending to ...aid women in the progression and completion of their orthopedic research and bolster their pursuit or current career in academic orthopedic surgery. The impact of these grants has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study is to determine the percentage of scholarship/grant-winners who went on to publish the findings of their research, pursue academic positions, and currently hold positions of leadership in the field of orthopedic surgery.
The titles of the winning research projects were searched in PubMed, Embase, and/or Web of Science to ascertain publication status. For each award recipient, the number of publications prior to the award year, number of publications after the award year, total number of publications, and H-index were calculated. Each award recipient was searched online through the websites of their employment and social media pages to determine their residency institution, whether they pursued a fellowship, the number of fellowships they pursued, their subspecialty within orthopedics, their current job, and whether they are in academic or private practice.
Of the fifteen Jacquelin Perry, MD Resident Research Grant winners, 73.3% of awarded research projects have since been published. 76.9% of award winners currently work in an academic setting and are affiliated with a residency program, and 0% currently hold leadership positions in orthopedic surgery. Of the eight winners of the RJOS/Zimmer Biomet Clinical/Basic Science Research Grant, 25% have published the findings of their awarded grant. 87.5% of award winners currently work in academics, and 75% hold leadership positions in orthopedic surgery.
Our results show that many of the winners of the Jacquelin Perry, MD Resident Research Grant and RJOS/Zimmer Biomet Clinical/ Basic Science Research Grant have published their research findings, continued research within the field of orthopedic surgery, and pursued academic careers and leadership positions. Many of the barriers to career progression and entry into orthopedic surgery that women and underrepresented groups face could be overcome through more grant opportunities and mentorship.
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Access to orthopaedic care across the United States (U.S.) remains an important issue, however, no recent study has examined disparities in rural access to orthopaedic care. The goals of the present ...study were to (1) investigate trends in the proportion of rural orthopaedic surgeons from 2013 to 2018 as well as the proportion of rural U.S. counties with access to such surgeons and (2) analyze characteristics associated with choice of a rural practice setting.
The study analyzed the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Compare National Downloadable File (PC-NDF) for all active orthopaedic surgeons from 2013 to 2018. Rural practice settings were defined using Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes. Linear regression analysis investigated trends in rural orthopaedic surgeon volume. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of surgeon characteristics with rural practice setting.
The total number of orthopaedic surgeons increased 1.9%, from 21,045 (2013) to 21,456 (2018). Meanwhile, the proportion of rural orthopaedic surgeons decreased by roughly 0.9%, from 578 (2013) to 559 (2018). From a per capita perspective, the number of orthopaedic surgeons practicing in a rural setting per 100,000 population ranged from 4.55 orthopaedic surgeons per 100,000 in 2013 and 4.47 per 100,000 in 2018. Meanwhile, the number of orthopaedic surgeons practicing in an urban setting ranged from 6.63 per 100,000 in 2013 and 6.35 per 100,000 in 2018. The surgeon characteristics most associated with decreased odds of practicing orthopaedic surgery in a rural setting included earlier career-stage (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.91; p < 0.001) and sub-specialization status (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.36-0.45; p < 0.001).
Existing rural-urban disparities in musculoskeletal healthcare access have persisted over the past decade and could worsen. Future research should investigate the effects of orthopaedic workforce shortages on travel times, patient cost burden, and disease specific outcomes.
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In a stimulating interchange between feminist studies and biology, Banu Subramaniam explores how her dissertation on flower color variation in morning glories launched her on an intellectual odyssey ...that engaged the feminist studies of sciences in the experimental practices of science by tracing the central and critical idea of variation in biology. As she shows, the histories of eugenics and genetics and their impact on the metaphorical understandings of difference and diversity that permeate common understandings of differences among people exist in contexts that seem distant from the so-called objective hard sciences. Journeying into areas that range from the social history of plants to speculative fiction, Subramaniam uncovers key relationships between the life sciences, women's studies, evolutionary and invasive biology, and the history of ecology, and how ideas of diversity and difference emerged and persist in each field.
Superdiversity explores processes of diversification and the complex, emergent social configurations that now supersede prior forms of diversity in societies around the world. Migration plays a key ...role in these processes, bringing changes not just in social, cultural, religious and linguistic phenomena, but also in the ways that these phenomena combine with others like gender, age, and legal status. The concept of superdiversity has been adopted by scholars across the social sciences in order to address a variety of forms, modes and outcomes of diversification. Central to this field is the relationship between social categorization and social organization, including stratification and inequality. Increasingly complex categories of social ""difference"" have significant impacts across scales, from entire societies to individual identities. While diversification is often met with simplifying stereotypes, threat narratives, and expressions of antagonism, superdiversity encourages a perspective on difference as comprising multiple social processes, flexible collective meanings, and overlapping personal and group identities. A superdiversity approach encourages the re-evaluation and recognition of social categories as multidimensional, unfixed, and porous as opposed to views based on hardened, one-dimensional thinking about groups. Diversification and increasing social complexity are bound to continue, if not intensify, in light of climate change. This will have profound impacts on the nature of global migration, social relations, and inequalities. Superdiversity presents a convincing case for recognizing new social formations created by changing migration patterns and calls for a re-thinking of public policy and social scientific approaches to social difference. This introduction to the multidisciplinary concept of superdiversity will be of considerable interest to students and researchers in a range of fields in the humanities and social sciences.
