Children are very susceptible to TB infection. One of the causes of TB in children is nutritional status. Poor one causes a weak immune system, making contracting tuberculosis easier. In addition, ...living conditions can spread to children due to contact with active pulmonary TB in one household. This study aims to determine the relationship between nutritional status and living conditions with TB incidence in children. This case-control study involved 76 samples consisting of 38 cases and 38 controls. Research subjects were taken using the purposive sampling method. The subjects were children aged 0-18 years diagnosed with TB based on anamnesis, physical examination, tuberculin skin test, and chest X-ray. This study was conducted at Bhakti Medicare Sukabumi Hospital from July to December 2019. The results of the Chi-square test found that there was a relationship between nutritional status (p=0.023), ventilation area (p=0.043), and humidity (p=0.001). There is no relationship between age (p=0.639), gender (0.490), parental education (p=0.803), lighting (p=0.200), temperature (0.260), density (p=1.000), and type of floor (p=0.240).
Recent studies have shown that sleep is influenced and shaped by cultural factors, including cultural values, beliefs and practices. However, a systematic understanding of how cultural factors in ...countries may influence sleep duration and sleep disturbances is still lacking. Therefore, we focused on a comparison of sleep duration and disturbances in young populations between countries. We report cross-cultural differences between the child, parent and environmental factors, and their association with sleep duration and disturbances. The review is based on literature searches of seven databases published until December 2020. Studies were included if they investigated sleep duration and disturbances of individuals up to 18 years across at least two or more countries. The results of this review have shown that sleep duration and disturbances vary between countries and regions and certain factors (e.g., bedtime routines, sleeping arrangement, physical activity and psychological functioning) have been associated with sleep duration or disturbances. This review also demonstrates that certain factors which were associated with sleep duration or disturbances in one country, were not shown in other countries, suggesting a need for recommendations for age-related sleep duration and sleep interventions to consider cultural differences that influence sleep duration or disturbances in individual countries or regions.
Aim: Drains are used to avoid hematoma, seroma and infection in breast surgery. A topic of debate in breast surgery research is the probability of surgical sites becoming infected through retrograde ...contamination. In this study, we aimed to determine whether drains cause surgical site infections by using drain tip cultures.
Material and Methods: This study included 162 breasts of 99 patients who had undergone breast surgeries, including augmentation, reduction, reconstruction and gynecomastia, with the same surgeon. Data on the patients’ demographic characteristics, clinical findings, antibiotherapies, types of surgeries and drain features, such as type, duration of use, output volume and tip cultures, were collected retrospectively.
Results: The study included 99 patients—3 male, 96 female—with a mean age of 37.84. The mean body mass index was 24.5. Seven breast augmentations, three gynecomastia surgeries, 37 breast reconstructions with implants, three breast reconstructions with latissimus dorsi flaps and 49 reduction mammoplasties were performed. We did not observe infectious symptoms, such as fever, hyperemia, abscess or hematoma, in any of the patients. Fifty-six Jackson–Pratt® drains and 106 Hemovac drain tip cultures were evaluated. The mean follow-up duration was 7.16 days, and the mean output volume was 224.66 cc. The drain tip cultures of all the patients were negative.
Conclusions: According to our analysis, drains did not cause retrograde contamination or surgical site infection.
Amaç: Meme cerrahisinde hematom, seroma ve enfeksiyondan korunmak için drenler kullanılır. Drenlerden ters akım yoluyla cerrahi alanın kontamine olma olasılığı meme cerrahisinde tartışılan konulardandır. Bu çalışmada dren ucu kültürleri kullanılarak drenlerin cerrahi alan enfeksiyonuna neden olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlandı.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya aynı cerrah tarafından opere edilen meme büyütme, meme küçültme, meme rekonstrüksiyonu ve jinekomastiyi içeren meme cerrahilerinin yapıldığı 99 hastanın 162 memesi dahil edildi. Hastalara ait demografik özellikler, klinik bulgular, antibiyoterapiler, ameliyat tipleri ve dren özellikleri (dren tipi, dren kalış süresi, toplam drenaj hacmi ve dren ucu kültür sonuçları) verileri geriye dönük olarak incelendi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 37.84 olan 3 erkek, 96 kadın olmak üzere 99 hasta dahil edildi. Ortalama vücut kitle indeksi 24.5 idi. Mart 2022 ve Şubat 2023 tarihleri arasında 7 meme büyütme, 3 jinekomasti, 37 implant ile meme rekonstrüksiyonu, 3 latissimus dorsi ile meme rekonbstrüksiyonu ve 49 meme küçültme cerrahisi uygulandı. Hiçbir hastada ateş, hiperemi, apse, hematom gibi enfeksiyöz semptomlara rastlamadık. 56 Jackson-Pratt® dreni ve 106 Hemovac dren ucu kültürü değerlendirildi. Ortalama takip süresi 7,16 gün, ortalama çıkış hacmi 224,66 cc idi. Tüm hastaların dren ucu kültürleri negatif olarak geldi.
Sonuç: Yapılan analizler sonucunda drenlerin geriye akım ile kontaminasyona ve cerrahi alan enfeksiyonuna neden olmadığı görüldü.
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of a traumatic dental injury (TDI) of permanent teeth in children and adolescents on their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) as ...well as on their families. A bibliographic search in the biomedical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE) was limited to studies published between January 2000 and February 2021. The study selection criteria were cross-sectional, case control, or prospective clinical studies, which analyzed TDI before and after the treatment of permanent teeth in healthy children and adolescent, assessed their OHRQoL, and were written in English. The search found 25 eligible articles that were included in the study. The quality assessment of the studies was performed using the quality assessment checklist for survey studies in psychology (Q-SSP). The results indicated that a TDI of permanent teeth strongly influences the OHRQoL of children and adolescents, and the timely-performed dental management of a TDI allows for preventing further biological and socio-psychological impacts. Sociodemographic status, economic status, parent's education, gender, age group, and type of schooling were determinants of the TDI impact on OHRQoL.
Introduction. Pathological left ventricular (LV) remodelling in children with metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a significant increase in cardiometabolic risk. However, data regarding the ...prevalence of LV remodelling patterns in children with MS are limited. Material and methods. An observational analytical cohort study was conducted on 145 children. The diagnosis of MS was established according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. We analyzed the echocardiography, as well as clinical and paraclinical data. Participants were distributed, depending on LV mass index and relative wall thickness into four LV geometric patterns as recommended by American and European Society of Echocardiography: normal geometry, concentric left ventricular remodeling (cLVR), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (cLVH), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (eLVH). Results. The pathological remodeling patterns were distributed as follows: 62.1% (n=90) participants showed a normal LV geometry pattern, 27.6% (n=40) – cLVH, 5.5% (n=8) – cLVR and 4.8% (n=7) – eLVH. In terms of presence/absence of MS, 54.7% (n=29) participants from the research group showed a normal LV geometry pattern, 32.1% (n=17) – cLVH, 5.7% (n=3) – cLVR and 7.5% (n=4) – eLVH, whereas 66.3% (n=61) participants from the control group presented normal LV geometric appearance, 25% (n=23) – cLVH, 5.4% (n=5) – cLVR and 3.3% (n=3) – eLVR (χ2=0.52; p>0.05). Conclusions. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was the commonest LV geometric pattern among the subjects with metabolic syndrome. Concentric left ventricular remodelling and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy were rare among the study population.
Recent research found evidence supporting music therapy for children with neurological diseases during their hospitalized neurological early rehabilitation to promote their development during ...physical therapy. We hypothesized that live music therapy might improve vital signs during a physical therapy session. Seventeen children received live music therapy during the physical therapy session twice a week. Two more physical therapy sessions per week were held without music therapy. Heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were recorded from 15 min before to 15 min after the therapy sessions. Physical therapy interventions showed changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation between, before and after the sessions with or without music therapy. Live music therapy was effective for the vital signs during the intervention. We observed significantly lower heart and respiratory rates and higher oxygen saturation during physical therapy intervention with live music therapy in general (mean differences -8.0 beats per min; -0.8 breaths per min and +0.6%). When physical therapy was applied without music therapy children's heart rates increased by 8.5 beats per min and respiratory rates increased by 1.0 breaths per min. Live music therapy leads to a decrease in heart and respiratory rates and an increase in oxygen saturation in children with neurological diseases during physical therapy with live music therapy. Music therapy supports the children in physical therapy interventions during their hospitalization.
Objective: To determine the effects of supervised tooth brushing exercise on the oral hygiene status of school going children in Peshawar.
Study Design: Prospective observational study.
Place and ...Duration of Study: This study was conducted at a girl’s government school in university town, Peshawar, from Jul to Dec 2018.
Methodology: All girls between age 7-10 years with mixed dentition, minimum plaque index score 2 and gingival index score 0 were included in the study. Sixty four girls were allocated into group A (intervention) and group B (control) using computer generated random numbers. Intervention group (32 subjects) was exposed to video plus supervised tooth brushing on a cast model while control group (32 subjects) only exposed to video on brushing technique. The plaque index score was recorded for oral hygiene status as outcome measure of intervention after one month.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 9.53 ± 1.08 years. There was statistically significant difference in the plaque scores of interventional and control group after one month (0.3125 ± 0.470 vs. 1.312 ± 0.644, p<0.001) as compared to baseline data (1.90 ± 0.296 vs. 2.0 ± 0.00, p=0.83). The difference for frequency of tooth brushing between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.088). Parental watch during tooth brushing between the two groups was statistically insignificant (p=0.055).
Conclusion: Supervised tooth brushing improved the oral hygiene status of the children therefore oral health education was effective in establishing good oral health among school children.
Background: Sleep is a vital physiological function for the maintenance of health and quality of life by ensuring body rest and restoring its energy levels. Remarkably, some children have sleep ...disordered breathing (SDB) that can disturb their normal sleep and affect the quality of their lives.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between SDB and growth impairments and wether the growth parameters vary among genders. Methods: This study was conducted in two steps: 1500 questionnaires were distributed to children aged 3 to 12 years. The questionnaire covered personal information, medical history, and the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. The latter was used to evaluate the incidence of sleep-disordered breathing and was completed by parents of the involved children. Growth assessment was then determined for the population to find the correlation between sleep disorders and growth impairments. Results: A total of 931 completed questionnaires were returned (70.7% response rate). Among the respondents, 56.3% were females whereas 43.3% were males. The mean age was 8 years. The result showed that 16.11% of children were at high risk of sleep-disordered breathing. A significant effect of SDB syndrome on growth parameters (weight-for-age parameter z-score and BMI for age z-score) was observed among males. Concerning the weight for age z-score, a significant difference was found between the means of control and SDB individuals (P = 0.0302). In male groups, the difference was significant (P=0.043), while non-significant difference was found in female groups (P = 0.69). Conclusion: This study highlights a significant effect of SDB on growth parameters among males aged between 3 and 12 years.
Cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes are commonly used for pediatric patients in surgery and emergency situations. It is still controversial which approach should be adopted. The purpose of the ...study was to compare the application of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric patients.
We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for clinical trials, which compared the two applications in children. The study characteristics and clinical data were summarized by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis of the data was done using Revman 5.3 software.
6 studies with 4141 cases were included in this meta-analysis. The pooling analysis showed that more patients need tube changes in uncuffed than cuffed tubes (OR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.10, P < 0.00001). However, there were no differences on intubation duration, reintubation occurrence, accidental extubation rate, croup occurrence and racemic epinephrine use during the intubation process. Also we didn't find any differences on laryngospasm and stridor occurrence after extubation.
Our study demonstrated that uncuffed endotracheal tubes increased the need for tube changes. Other incidences or complications between the two groups had no differences. Cuffed tubes may be an optimal option for pediatric patients. But more trials are needed in the future.
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