This study investigates the short-term and long-term impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in Organization for Economic Co-operation and ...Development (OECD) countries. Based on a panel data set of 25 OECD countries for 43 years, we used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and the related intermediate estimators, including pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG) and dynamic fixed effect (DFE) to achieve the objective. The estimated ARDL model has also been checked for robustness using the two substitute single equation estimators, these being the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). Empirical results reveal that economic growth, trade openness and technological progress significantly influence renewable energy use over the long-term in OECD countries. While the long-term nature of dynamics of the variables is found to be similar across 25 OECD countries, their short-term dynamics are found to be mixed in nature. This is attributed to varying levels of trade openness and technological progress in OECD countries. Since this is a pioneer study that investigates the issue, the findings are completely new and they make a significant contribution to renewable energy literature as well as relevant policy development.
•Economic growth, trade openness and technological growth drive renewable energy use.•Long-term dynamics of the variables are found homogenous across the OECD countries.•Short-term dynamics vary as to variation in technological growth and trade openness.•An understanding of variable dynamics is vital for increasing renewable energy use.
This study determines the dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries in the presence of energy intensity ...and economic growth under the framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC). This study employs the panel data from 1990 to 2016, Westerlund cointegration technique to find long-run cointegration, and Continuously Updated Bias-Corrected (CUP-BC) and Continuously Updated Fully Modified (CUP-FM) methods to check the long-run elasticities between the variables. Empirical results indicate that globalization and financial development significantly reduce carbon emissions, but economic growth and energy intensity increase them. These results support the EKC hypothesis for APEC countries. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis shows that globalization Granger causes CO2 emissions. Globalization also causes financial development and energy intensity. A feedback effect exists between financial development and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, financial development causes economic growth but similar is not true from opposite-side in Granger sense. Finally, this study presents important policy implications with respect to APEC countries.
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•This study examines the effects of globalization and financial development on CO2 emissions.•The data of APEC countries has been used.•Westerlund Cointegration approach used to find panel cointegration while CUP-FM and CUP-BC used to find long run relationships.•Globalization and financial development reduce the CO2 emissions both in long run and short run.•Policies to increase green energy and improved technology are recommended, among others.
Promoting green innovation and regulating emissions through carbon pricing are the two fundamental driving forces of climate change policies on carbon abatement. However, the existing body of ...empirical evidence focusing on these inter-linkages is rather meager. Such evidence is also inconclusive in the context of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. This study, therefore, examines the effects of environmental regulation and innovation on the carbon emission reduction of OECD countries during the period 1999–2014. On the basis of the “stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology” (STIRPAT) model, this study also develops a new model called “stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, regulation, and technology” (STIRPART) to extend the analysis on the evaluation of factors influencing carbon emissions. In addition, the effects of environmental regulations and environmentally friendly technologies are empirically tested by using panel fixed-effects, random-effects and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models with the Driscoll–Kraay corrected robust standard errors that tackle cross-sectional dependence and time and panel fixed effects. Results indicate that a 1% increase in environmentally friendly patent reduces carbon emissions by 0.017%, and a 1% increase in environmental tax revenue per capita reduces carbon emissions by 0.03% for OECD countries. The current contribution aims to optimize market-based instruments, such as patents and carbon pricing, for the implementation of efficient and cost-effective climate change policies.
•A new proposed framework for analysing effects of climate change - STIRPART, instead of existing STIRPAT.•A 1% increase in environmentally friendly patent reduces carbon emissions by 0.017% for OECD countries.•A 1% increase in environmental tax revenue per capita reduces carbon emissions by 0.03% for OECD countries.
This paper examines the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which has become a major and influential component of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) ...educational work. This measure of comparative performance of educational systems of member and other nations is based on tests commissioned by the OECD. The paper discusses the role of the OECD in establishing the 'comparative' turn and also describes PISA, its management and effects. It provides three examples of the impact of PISA in Finland, Germany and the UK before moving the focus to its impacts at the transnational level, through an examination of how key European policy actors see PISA and its effects. The paper concludes that PISA, through its direct impact on national education systems in Europe and beyond, has become an indirect, but nonetheless influential tool of the new political technology of governing the European education space by numbers.
Approximately 30%–40% of industrial practices and 50% of vehicles in operation were limited in Beijing and its surroundings regions during the Beijing Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ...conference in 2014. Compared with values obtained prior to the APEC conference, the atmospheric concentration of submicron aerosol particles (PM1) decreased from 101 to 36.9 μg m−3, or 63%. Of all the inorganic species and black carbon present, the concentrations of nitrate to the total concentration of PM1 decreased the most in terms of both mass concentration, from 25.5 to 7.1 μg m−3, and relative contribution, from 21% to 14%. In addition, both sulfate and ammonium decreased substantially by 9.5 and 8.5 μg m−3, respectively. Accordingly, the relative contributions of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate to light extinction decreased by 10% and 5%, respectively, as a result of the pollution control measures implemented during that period. In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vehicle emissions were reduced significantly.
•Submicron aerosols decreased by 63% during the APEC period.•The contributions of nitrate to PM1 and light extinction decreased substantially.•The concentration of PAHs decreased from 29 to 21 ng m−3.•Vehicles and industry are important PM1 pollution sources in Beijing.
This paper introduces a growth model that considers the indicator of economic complexity as a measure of capabilities for exporting the high value-added (sophisticated) products. Empirically, the ...paper analyzes the effects of the renewable and the non-renewable energy consumption on the economic growth in the panel data of 29 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period from 1990 to 2013. For this purpose, the paper considers the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the panel quantile regression (PQR) estimations. The paper finds that not only the economic complexity, but also both the non-renewable and the renewable energy consumption are positively associated with a higher rate of economic growth.
•We theoretically introduce a new growth model.•We consider the indicator of economic complexity as a determinant of economic growth.•We empirically analyze the effects of the energy consumption on the economic growth.•We run the panel ARDL and the PQR estimations for the panel dataset of 29 OECD countries.•We observe that the economic complexity and the energy consumption promote the economic growth.
The “2015 Joint Statement on Cooperation between Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Silk Road Projects” signed by Russia and China opened the bilateral cooperation among “Eurasian Economic Union” ...which consists of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan, and “One Belt One Union” of China (5+1). “One belt One Union” and “Eurasian Economic Union” separately, are the Political projects of Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, acting as a new form of cooperative mechanism, and considered to have great impact on regional economic integration. The world is now watching whether these two nations are partners or rivals. For Mongolia, every action and decision made by the “One Belt One Union” is important as it influences our future development. This article intends to identify the cooperation of the two great nations which has major influence on Mongolia, and Mongolia’s foreign policy towards the cooperation.
Green growth means improving production and demand-based emissions through innovation of green technologies for cleaner production and supply chain. This study examines the effect of technological ...innovation on green growth on twenty-eight (28) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies for the period 2000 to 2014 with data sourced from OECD library statistics and World Bank, World Development Indicators. The economies were sub-grouped into Oceania, America, Asia and Europe. Preliminary tests conducted were Cross-section dependence test, Im Pesaran and Shin unit root tests. Westerlund cointegration confirmed that the variables are cointegrated. Using STIRPAT and IPAT models, the study found transport related technologies has been beneficial to green growth in the Oceania sub-region. OECD Asia's technologies for production and processing of goods have been beneficial to green growth. Climate change technologies in relation to generation and transmission of energy are detrimental to green growth in the OECD economies but its impact is visible in Asia and Europe sub-panels. Environmental related budget and taxes have been found worthwhile in the pursuit of green growth from the dominant negative coefficient values. Findings led to the presentation of some important implications which could be useful for policy-makers and industries in the pursuit of green growth globally.
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With the increasing applications of ionic liquids (ILs), the toxicity of ILs has drawn increasing attention in recent years, especially the influences of different anions and alkyl-chain lengths on ...the acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. We performed a study on the acute toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate (CnmimNO3 (n=2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12)), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs (C6mimR (R=Cl–, Br–, BF4–, PF6–)) to zebrafish (Danio rerio). We also evaluated the sensibility of the investigated animals and the stability of ILs in water via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent 1260, Agilent Technologies Inc., USA) to prove the reliability of the present study. The results illustrated that the test zebrafish (Danio rerio) were sensitive to the reference toxicant and that the investigated ILs in water were stable. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was used to represent the acute toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio). The present study showed that the highest toxic IL is C12mimNO3 and the lowest toxic IL is C2mimNO3 on Danio rerio. The LC50s for ILs with different anions had similar values. Accordingly, we believe that ILs with different alkyl-chain lengths cause greater effects than other anions on acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the present study can also provide scientific methods for future studies to select and assess ILs.
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•Acute toxicity of the ILs CnmimNO3 and C6mimR on zebrafish were investigated.•The anions have less influence than alkyl-chain lengths on toxicity to zebrafish.•The doses of test ILs relatively maintained stable at the environmental periods.
Reducing coal use and increasing renewable energy use are two major policies that have been recommended in many countries and regions to address climate change. However, the progress toward meeting ...these policy goals is unclear. Therefore, this study proposes the “C–R map”, which is a correlation map between the share of coal-fired plants and renewable energy in terms of annual consumption, and the “CR index”, which is an index composed of the above two indicators. The proposed methods objectively visualise and quantitatively analyse statistical data on global climate change associated with “reducing coal and increasing renewables”, whose trends or tendencies could only be obtained through fragmented statistical data and documents. Using the proposed C–R map and CR index, an international comparative analysis was conducted on the share of coal and renewables from 1990 to 2020 in 37 Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development member countries. The results quantitatively showed that 31 member countries clearly exhibited a trend of decreasing their share of coal and increasing their share of renewables, while only five countries, i.e. Chile, Turkey, Mexico, Japan, and Korea, showed unique and inconsistent trends relative to that of the other member countries. By using the highly transparent and simple map and index proposed here based on published statistical information and objective methods, the global trend of “reducing coal and increasing renewables” can be quantitatively visualised in graphs and numerical values, which are easily understood and interpretable, even for laymen.
•Global trend of “reducing coal and increasing RE” was analysed.•Correlation map and index are proposed to visualise and quantify coal and RE trends.•The coal and RE shares of 37 OECD countries are compared from 1990 to 2020.•C–R map and CR index may facilitate energy and climate change discussions.
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