The analyzed ruling is the first judgement which the Court of Justice passed in order to provide interpretationfor the new Student Directive (2016/801 of 11 May 2016 on the conditions of entry and ...residence ofthird-country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, training, voluntary service, pupil exchange schemesor educational projects and au pairing). Due to its judiciary activism, the Court was able to find a connectionbetween the case pending before a national court and EU law in the case of M.A. In the end, the Court finallydecided that in the case at issue, regarding the rights of a foreign national to apply for a residence permit for thepurpose of enrolling in second-cycle studies programme in Poland, the procedure of applying for a long-stay visaon the grounds of national law must be safeguarded by the guarantees under Article 47 of the Charter of FundamentalRights. The guarantees apply to the actual states in which EU law is applicable – in this case the “StudentDirective.” It seems that the ruling in the case of M.A. will play a crucial role in facilitating students’ – TCNs’ – entryinto the territory of the Republic of Poland, while the Polish legislator, in all probability, will be obliged to changethe provisions of the national law in such a way as to make it possible for future students to access a full array oflegal remedies against the negative decisions of consuls.
Kazakhstan, with its open borders with CIS nations and significant migration flows, emerges as a key origin, transit, and destination point in human trafficking. While acknowledging Kazakhstan’s ...modest progress in combating human trafficking, this study aims to develop comprehensive proposals for enhancing the protection of trafficking victims’ rights in Kazakhstan. It seeks to identify legal and enforcement gaps, analyze available social and legal protections, and address key issues in victim rights protection. The study aligns with the burgeoning academic discourse on human trafficking, which has significantly influenced policy and methodological approaches in estimating trafficking prevalence. It encompasses research focusing on defining human trafficking, factors contributing to its incidence, and evaluating the effectiveness of countermeasures. Addressing a relatively nascent area of research in Kazakhstan’s context, this study will enhance existing knowledge and contribute to developing effective anti-trafficking strategies within the country. The overall assessment underscores a lack of consistency in Kazakhstan’s approach to its mandate to curtail human trafficking. Despite this, the study presents a promising path forward, concluding that with the introduction of a dedicated anti-human trafficking law and strategic organizational reforms, substantial advancements could be realized to reinforce legal accountability and prevent such exploitation.
Transnational Corporations operate in a borderless space using their supply chains. The countries of the Global South become their source of raw materials and places to outsource and relocate the ...different phases of the production process. This business strategy provides these large corporations with economic and fiscal advantages while ensuring impunity for possible legal claims for their direct or indirect participation in human, labor and environmental rights violations raised by workers and communities affected by their activities. Victims’ access to justice, recognized in the third pillar of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, continues to be, a decade after their adoption, a right that is difficult to achieve. This article analyzes, using a case study, Jabir et al. vs. Kik, the potential of mandatory human rights due diligence to help overcome the procedural and material obstacles faced by victims when they go to the European courts, invoking a non-contractual civil liability of the transnational company for the damages suffered as workers of its subsidiary, of your supplier or as communities affected by environmental pollution.
Las Empresas Transnacionales operan en un espacio sin fronteras valiéndose de sus cadenas de suministro. Los países del Sur Global se convierten en su fuente de materias primas y lugares donde externalizar y deslocalizar las distintas fases del proceso productivo. Esta estrategia empresarial proporciona a estas grandes corporaciones ventajas económicas y fiscales al tiempo que les asegura impunidad frente a posibles reclamaciones judiciales por su participación directa o indirecta en violaciones de derechos humanos, laborales y medioambientales planteadas por trabajadores y comunidades afectadas por sus actividades. El acceso de las víctimas a la justicia, reconocido en el tercer pilar de los Principios Rectores sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos continúa siendo, una década después de su aprobación, un derecho difícilmente realizable. Este articulo analiza, recurriendo a un estudio de caso, Jabir et al. vs. Kik, la potencialidad de la diligencia debida obligatoria en derechos humanos para contribuir a salvar los obstáculos procesales y materiales que enfrentan las víctimas cuando acuden ante los tribunales europeos, invocando una responsabilidad civil extracontractual de la empresa transnacional por los daños sufridos como trabajadores de su filial, de su proveedor o bien como comunidades afectadas por la contaminación medioambiental.
Article 13 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human rights and Fundamental Freedoms has for a long time been considered subsidiary in relation to article 6 subsection 1 and to other ...articles in that Convention. In general, when infringement of any normative measures of the Convention occurred, it was considered to be superfluous to sanction disregard of the right to an effective legal remedy. In the judgement of Kudla vs. Poland where the court agreed to verifying sanctions for infringement of article 13 for disregarding the appeal which allowed the claimant recognition of his right to trial within a reasonable timeframe, the status of rights changed. The intention is to 15 years later present an argumented analysis of that particular judgement. It will be shown that the European judge recognised the true autonomous right to an effective legal remedy. Article 13 has long been considered as a secondary right. Now it has become an absolute right in a complete sense. This new dimension of this right should be linked to the right for implementation of judgement in court practice in the European Court for the Protection of Human Rights, in particular in the judgement Hornsby vs. Greece on 19 March 1997.
In this paper, the author considers the arguments for introducing new solutions in the present Arbitration Act of Serbia (2006) with regard to proceedings for setting aside of an arbitral award. It ...explains the main reasons that lead to the current situation where jurisdiction for setting aside is largely regulated by provisions of other statutes rather than the Arbitration Act. The current legislative framework indirectly provides for two, and possibly three instances of judicial review of an arbitral award. The author challenges the belief that the right to effective legal remedy provided in the Constitution and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights requires the existence of the right of appeal against the first instance decision on the request for setting aside. She draws attention to advantages of conferring jurisdiction for setting aside to the highest court of the country. The proposed provisions should be included in the Arbitration Act rather then left to other statutes. Such legislative change will be conducive to uniformity of decision and will enhance development of domestic arbitration.
Several Iranian university students were expelled from Hungary to Iran due to their (allegedly) unlawful behaviour during their quarantine period at the outburst of the Covid-19 pandemic on grounds ...of being a threat to public policy and public security. The case reveals a worrisome practice in the reasoning of expulsion decisions, irrespective of the pandemic. By analysing a judgment on the review of an administrative decision on expulsion, the article explores the normative circumstances of the legal institutions appearing in the case. By comparing international, European Union, and Hungarian constitutional practice, the study reveals a controversial legal practice. It not only evaluates the case, but draws attention to the role, quality, and legal significance of reasoning of administrative acts which lately, with a quickly changing legislation, seems to be forgotten.
En el presente trabajo se efectúa un análisis crítico de la principal jurisprudencia de los tribunales de justicia dictada a propósito del reclamo de ilegalidad municipal. La hipótesis que se maneja ...es que la jurisprudencia ha efectuado un trabajo relevante para el sentido de las reglas que disciplinan este medio de impugnación, en un contexto de precariedad en la regulación legislativa. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, estos fallos no logran establecer uniformidad ni criterios similares, generando espacios de incerteza poco deseables en la articulación de un derecho fundamental como la tutela judicial efectiva.
Sustav zaštite prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u Hrvatskoj postupno se konsolidirao pod utjecajem sudske prakse Europskog suda za ljudska prava i Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske. Korak su u ...suprotnom smjeru izmjene Zakona o sudovima iz 2013. godine kada je stvoren sustav koji, prema ocjeni Europskog suda za ljudska prava, više nije učinkovito sredstvo zaštite prava na suđenje u razumnom roku. Zaštita prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u upravnim stvarima ima određene posebnosti koje je potrebno uzeti u obzir pri računanju razumnog roka. Naime, upravnom sporu obvezatno prethodi upravni postupak pred upravnim tijelom te se zbog njihove striktne povezanosti za izračun razumnog roka uzima u obzir i trajanje upravnog postupka nakon što je nastao spor. To znači da se uzima i vrijeme koje je počelo teći nakon što je stranka izjavila žalbu na akt upravnog tijela. Slijedom navedenog, u upravnim stvarima sudovi bi trebali voditi računa o tome da se odluka o pravima i obvezama građana donese u roku od tri godine, a to vrijeme uključuje ne samo upravni spor već i upravni postupak koji je prethodio upravnom sporu. Konačno, u cilju jačanja pravne sigurnosti potrebno je izmijeniti Zakon o sudovima iz 2013. godine na način da se ponovno osigura učinkovito sredstvo zaštite protiv povrede prava na suđenje u razumnom roku.
The system of protection of the right to trial within a reasonable time in Croatia has been gradually consolidated under the influence of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. On the other hand, the amendments to the Act on Courts of 2013 represent a step in the opposite direction, when a system was created that, according to the European Court of Human Rights, no longer represents an effective means of protecting the right to a fair trial. The protection of the right to trial within a reasonable time in administrative matters has certain peculiarities that must be taken into account when calculating the reasonable time. Namely, an administrative dispute before a court has to be preceded by an administrative proceeding before an administrative body, and due to their close connection, the duration of the administrative proceeding after the dispute is also taken into account for the calculation of the reasonable time. This means that the period after the party filed an appeal against the act of an administrative body is also taken into account. Taking the above administrative procedures into account, the courts should take care that the decision on the rights and obligations of citizens is rendered within 3 years, which time includes not only the administrative dispute but also the administrative procedure that preceded it. Finally, in order to strengthen legal certainty, it is necessary to amend the Act on Courts of 2013 in such a way as to ensure again an effective means of protection against the violation of the right to trial within a reasonable time.
With the entry into force of the Criminal Procedure Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the roles of the prosecutor and the court have been changed significantly compared to the earlier legislation, ...especially in the investigative procedure. According to the existing normative framework, the role of the court in the investigation is much more passive since at this stage of the procedure the court does not control the merits of conducting the investigation. The mixed accusatorial concept of investigation as the one existing in the criminal justice system of Bosnia and Herzegovina has led to certain restrictions on the rights of the defence in investigation. Investigation is an important stage in criminal proceedings that is conducted for evidence and data collecting necessary to decide whether to file an indictment or discontinue the proceedings, as well as for evidence that can be presented at the main hearing and upon which the judgment is rendered. It is therefore necessary to ensure that a proper and lawful investigation is conducted. This means to make sure that all parties involved in the investigation, especially defence are treated in a fair manner. The right to defence is a fundamental human and constitutional right guaranteed by international conventions. The right to defence results in several individual rights enjoyed by suspects in preliminary proceedings. In order to ensure effective judicial protection of the rights of the suspects, the paper analyses the domestic criminal justice system and presents comparative legal solutions regarding the protection of procedural rights of the defence in investigation. The fundamental issues in analysing regulatory framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the lack of effective judicial protection of procedural rights of the defence, the absence of an effective legal remedy to conduct an investigation facilitating the principle of a fair trial for defence and the principle of equality of arms in pre-trial proceedings. In addition, the paper analyses the issue of informing the suspect of an order for investigation, since according to applicable regulations, the suspect does not even need to know about an investigation conducted against him, which is a violation of the principle of right to a fair trial.
PDF
