Relevance of the researchis caused by the fact that currently in the Russian Federation, for servicing mining and development of minerals, it is necessary to perform survey and geodetic works, by the ...results of which arrays of geospatial data are formed.They are the basis for the design and arrangement of oil and gas fields and are the source information for three-dimensional modeling of the earth's surface, geological structures of deposits and infrastructure of pipeline systems. Besides, geospatial data is necessary for preparation of documents for state cadastral registration and registration of land use rights. Based on this, the article sets scientific and technical task: analyze the possibilities of using various methods of providing geospatial information GIS pipeline systems with data for 3D modeling of the studied fields and pipelines. Corporate GIS is filled with data on the state of pipeline transport, using information from space survey systems with high and medium spatial resolution, as well as shooting materials from unmanned aerial vehicles and aerial laser scanning. Monitoring of pipeline systems is carried out as well using ground-based geodetic survey data. One of most common types of modern geodetic equipment is high-precision and accurate electronic total stations that allow you obtain geospatial information on terrain and anthropogenic objects bothin terms of plan and height. The height component is determined as result of performing trigonometric leveling. The use of the trigonometric leveling method is especially relevant when working in rough terrain and adverse conditions, in particular in regions of the Extreme North. The aim of the research is toanalyze the possibilities of using various methods of providing geospatial information for GIS pipeline systems: satellite surveys with different spatial resolutions, unmanned aerial vehicles and aerial laser scanningdata, trigonometric leveling of classes III and IV with the use of high-precision electronic total stations in the formation of geospatial data arrays of main pipeline monitoring systems. Methods: decoding of aerospace images, experimental research in field with space survey materials, unmanned aerial vehicles and aerial laser scanningdata, use of high-precision levels and electronic total stations for trigonometric leveling, geoinformation technologies Results. Quality of geospatial information for GIS monitoring of pipeline systems was evaluated. The work shown that the data from remote sensing of the Earth with different spatial resolutions, unmanned aerial vehicles and aerial laser scanning allow forming arrays of geospatial data necessary for services operating pipeline systems, providing planned linking with sufficient accuracy; when creating high-altitude geodetic justification, when accuracy needs be increased to class III and IV, instead of time-consuming geometric leveling, it is advisable to supplement arrays with information, obtained by trigonometric leveling using high-precision electronic tacheometers.
Floor-by-floor survey of installed elements of an elevator shaft using coordinate method and tacheometer is also inhibited by the necessity to determine device installation points for floors of every ...mounting horizon that leads to additional measurements due to conditions of the completed building framework and presence of a great number of situational disturbances and then it entails significant time expenditure and diminution of accuracy in the obtained results. Technical capabilities of the modern electronic tacheometer substantially simplify an accomplishment of the mission because the device can be applied not only in function of vertical projection but it can be used for preand post-construction survey of the elevator shaft with the help of advanced radiation method. While using the given method the electronic tacheometer equipped with diagonal ocular is installed over a bearing sign in the elevator pit and control points of the elevator shaft are determined with the help of specially developed portable beam deflector in the form of disc with radius r, which is fixed to a handle rod and orientated perpendicularly to a laser beam. An innovation diagram for preand post-construction survey of elevator shaft has been developed while applying this type of deflector. The diagram is characterized by high efficiency due to the fact that one tacheometer installation makes it possible to execute highly accurate, complete plane and high-level surveying of the whole elevator shaft including doorways, door sills and jambs.The paper proposes a new method for pre and post construction survey of the elevator shaft using the electronic tacheometer while applying specially developed beam deflector that ensures a geometric fixing of one or simultaneously two surveying points to spatial coordinate system where the preand post-construction survey is carried out. The method is characterized by high geometric accuracy and technological efficiency.
Intensive development of the Starobinsk deposit is related with formation of salt tailings piles which are annually increasing and they have already reached the height of 120–150 m, their volume ...constitutes 1.5 billion tons and their area is equal up to »3000 ha. Such situation leads to activation of geodynamic processes, salting of soil and underground water. For this reason study of salt tailings piles with the help of up-to-date geodetic technologies is considered as the most efficient methods for environmental protection. Geodetic innovation technologies for study of salt tailings relief include the following: creation of plan and height control along relief perimeter and route of equipment motion within salt tailings pile with the help GPS-system; experimental study of salt tailings relief while using an electronic tacheometer with reflectorless regime; import of total station coordinates in software package LISCAD Plus where simulation of salt tailings is formed; study of digital salt tailings simulation and its interpretation. More accurate study of salt tailings is carried out by laser scanning while using scanner Leica ScanStation C10. Operations from several stations are executed with the purpose to obtain data on salt tailings and these operations provide their complete survey. Results of the survey are loaded into a computer; the data is compiled together and so a digital simulation of salt tailings is obtained. An advantage of laser scanning is complete automation and due to this accuracy is increased significantly and time required for the survey is reduced. Such approach makes it possible to increase efficiency in various measures directed on improvement of environmental conditions.
Modern tendencies for assessment of high-rise building deformation state presuppose creation of automated and regular monitoring while using highly-accurate space positioning systems (GPS-systems), a ...robotic electronic tacheometer, highlyaccurate inclinators (Leica Nivel210/Nivel220-model) with measuring accuracy of tilt angle up to 0.09 s, Geomos software complex (Leica Geosystems). Automated system for deformation monitoring requires significant time and material expenditures, special training of specialists so simpler methods and criteria for assessment of building deformation state are also considered as rather actual for this purpose.There are more than ten conventional methods for determining building tilt. All these methods are based on angular measurements from the fixed base while using highly-accurate theodolites. The methods are rather labor-consuming and they do not provide operational efficiency and accuracy in measurements. Introduction of electronic tacheometers with large radius of refractorless measurements of distances has made it possible to calculate coordinates on the building surface with high accuracy and at various sections (heights) that results in possibility to obtain 3D model of the building surface. Leica TCRA1201 tacheometer has been set at the good visibility point of a tower construction, device orientation and plane coordinates of the temporary point have been determined with the purpose to assess a tilt value of an exhaust stack having 150 meter height. Then 3D coordinates of six points on the building surface have been measured for every stack section. After that these points have been projected on the horizontal plane. LISCAD PLUS software complex has been used for processing and interpretation of geodetic data.The proposed method permits to obtain data for determination value and direction of a tower construction tilt, immediately carry out in-situ measurements and obtain final results in the automatic mode of LISCAD PLUS software complex using only one point of the tacheometer setting. The method does not require any preliminary laying and subsequent preservation of fundamental geodetic points (bases) and it can be applied for any configuration of tower constructions.
The paper presents a new approach to calculate volume of tailing underwater sediments and liquid industrial wastes on the basis of innovative technologies. Two theodolites which are set at various ...points and a boat with a load for measuring water depth have been traditionally used for topographic survey of slime storage bottom. Horizontal directions have been simultaneously measured on the boat marker while using theodolites. Water depth has been determined while using a 2-kg circular load which was descended into brine solution with the help of rope. In addition to rather large time and labour costs such technology has required synchronization in actions on three participants involved in the work: operators of two theodolites and boat team in every depth measuring point. Methodology has been proposed for more efficient solution of the problem. It presupposes the use of echolocation together with space localization systems (GPS-systems) which can be set on a boat with the purpose to measure depth of a storage tank bed. An echolocation transducer has been installed under the boat bottom at the depth of 10 cm from the brine solution level in the slime storage. An aerial of GPS-receiver has been fixed over the echo-sounder transducer. Horizontal positioning of bottom depth measuring points have been carried out in the local coordinate system. Formation of digital model for slime storage bottom has been executed after data input of the coordinate positioning that corresponded to corrected depths in the software package LISCAD Plus SEE. The formation has been made on the basis of a strict triangulation method. Creation of the digital model makes it rather easy to calculate a volume between a storage bottom and a selected level (height of filling material). In this context it is possible to determine a volume and an area not only above but also lower of the datum surface. For this purpose it is recommended to use digital models which are developed for various time periods of slime storage operation.
This paper describes selected control and calibration procedures of some surveying instruments and tools (digital levels and code bar levelling staffs, total stations and electronic tacheometers, and ...reflective systems).
The calibration of horizontal circles of optical and electronic theodolites can be carried out under laboratory conditions, e.g. on an automated device for the calibration of optical polygons EZB-3 in the Slovak Institute of Metrology in Bratislava (SIM).
The results of testing the influence of lighting when working with a digital levelling instrument are presented. Furthermore, the procedure and results of the calibration of horizontal circles of surveying instruments on a calibration device (Slovak Institute of Metrology in Bratislava) are described in this paper.
The result of such calibration is a set of horizontal scale corrective values for particular nominal values of the scale, determined using a series of measurements, and eventually the provision of the parameters of approximating function.
The use of a laser interferometer (laser measurement system XL 10 f. RENISHAW) for the calibration of the code leveling rod, respectively of the system calibration (digital leveling device - code late) prepared by the Department of Geodesy, SUT Bratislava with the help of European projects, will then be implemented in a unique facility in the Slovak Republic.
The paper shows that functional limitation of zenith devices and introduction of modern high-accuracy electronic tacheometers should lead to substitution of the mentioned devices for tacheometers in ...geodesic works concerning vertical projection of pivot points of the constructed buildings and structures. However the electronic tacheometer has not been considered in the function of a zenith device in ТКП 45-1.03-26-2006.Special experiemnts and practical works executed by UE “Geokart” has proved that in accordance with its design the electronic tacheometer equipped with a compensator for small inclinations and zenith prism attachment for ocular can be applied as a vertical projection device while setting sighting line of a telescope in a fixed vertical position. Corresponding experiments have been carried out for multi-storied building of business centre located in the M. Tank Street in Minsk in order to obtain comparative characteristics of vertical projection accuracy with the help of tacheometer TOPCON GPT 7501 and zenith device PZL-100. An initial point of the staked grid has been situated at the elevation ±0,0 м, standard graph elevation has been equal to +49,5 м (concrete slab of the 14th floor), projection height referred to the device has been equal to Н = 47,8 м. Both devices have been set on the same stand using a purpose made adaptive device in order to exclude centering errors. Deviation in position of final projection points on the standard graph which were obtained with the help of two devices has been equal to 1.2 mm, that testifies practical equal accuracy of the zenith device and tacheometer for vertical projection function.Additional advantage of the electronic tacheometer in comparison with special vertical projection devi ces lies in the fact that in the case of a certain misalignment of geodesic openings in intermediate floors ta- cheometer deviating from the vertical makes it possible to carry out initial point transfer to mounting horizon using inclined projection in the point with plane coordinates which differ from initial point coordinates within the limits of apparent standard graph area. Such point can be indicated with the help of dot L.E.D. located on standard graph. Its spatial polar and rectangular coordinates on horizontal plane are determined by angular measurements with readings along both bearing circles of the electronic tacheometer and projection height.Production practice and executed experiments have permitted to make the following conclusions: a modern electronic tacheometer equipped with ocular attachment for telescope sighting in the zenith direction can be and must be efficiently applied for vertical point projection of internal geodetic base of a constructed building or a structure. The mentioned device ensures transfer of geodetic base points to mounting horizon not only vertically but also with inclination of a projected beam within sequential visibility of openings in intermediate floors that allows to adapt projection trajectory to specific conditions of its passing.
Issues related to metrological support for coordinate measurements and wide-range laser measurement systems (trackers, ground scanners, interferometers, robotic electronic tacheometers) are discussed.
At the Centre for Geodesy of the University of Maribor, Slovenia, we engaged in the measurement and analysis of displacements for the last ten years. We wanted to find the connections between the ...displacements and the applied loads. Therefore, reliable and accurate results were needed. A reinforced-concrete plate was loaded to 42 kN in pre-calculated steps and the resulting deformations measured by three independent methods. The results were compared to analytical ones. The analyses and calculations of the most suitable method were implemented. An electronic tacheometer, photogrammetry and a pressure length transducer on the hydraulic cylinder were used.
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