As a very important category of creation theory in Chinese aesthetics, the essence of gan xing is "inspired by things." Whether it is literature or other kinds of artistic creation, most of them are ...initiated from gan xing, which is also the best opportunity for creating excellent works of art. The creation of aesthetic value is the most important theoretical essence of gan xing. Different from aesthetic empathy, gan xing is a harmonious bonding of subject and object. Gan xing does not only exist in the initial stage of creation, as many people suppose, merely as an impulse of creation, but runs through the whole process. It is not independent from creation, but closely related to the generation and complete presentation of artistic form. For the acceptance of literature and art, the initial source of aesthetic enjoyment lies in the form of works. It is an intuitive approach to investigate the theory of gan xing from the perspective of axiology.
O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as principais investigações sobre as relações entre a leitura de textos ficcionais e a empatia em crianças e adolescentes. Por meio de uma revisão integrativa da ...literatura científica nas bases SciELO, ERIC e PsycInfo, de 2009 a 2020, foram analisados, na íntegra, 21 artigos. A análise realizada mostrou uma predominância de estudos de intervenção, seguidos por estudos de caso e estudos correlacionais. A amostra das investigações se constitui, predominantemente, de estudantes, apesar de algumas incluírem também a percepção do professor e dos pais e responsáveis. Foram verificadas diferentes facetas da relação entre leitura e empatia, sendo identificados tanto estudos que enfatizam a contribuição da leitura para o desenvolvimento da empatia como estudos que mostram a contribuição da empatia para a aprendizagem inicial e o desenvolvimento da compreensão leitora. Grande parte das pesquisas foi realizada no contexto norte-americano, apontando uma lacuna no cenário brasileiro.
Introduction: Patients' care with empathy has shown a higher clinical competence with great rapport. It leads to an accurate diagnosis with fewer medical errors. Patients tend to be more satisfied ...with improved outcomes both psychologically and pharmacologically. Empathy supports medical students to achieve capabilities essential for patient-centered care and in development of affective skill, manners, and personal as well as professional growth. Aims and Objectives: To assess the level of empathy among medical students and to assess the level of spiritual well-being and its relation with empathy. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2021 to March 2021 period. A total of 200 medical students were selected for the study, fifty from each year. Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy Student version (JSPE-S), Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and Demographic Questionnaire were used for the collection of data. Results: The mean JSPE-S score was 108.41 (14.19), mean TEQ score was 44.89 (6.26), and mean SWBS was 80.58 (18.89). By JSPE-S, the mean empathy score decreased from the 3rd year and was lower in the final year (P = 0.00002). By TEQ, the empathy score was higher in the 2nd year followed by 3rd and 1st and was lower in the final year (P = 0.002). Females had higher empathy than males (P < 0.002 for JSPE-S and P < 0.00001 for TEQ). There was a significant positive relationship between spiritual well-being score with mean JSPE-S (r = 0.4429, P = 0.0012) and TEQ score (r = 0.5777, P = 0.00001). Conclusion: Medical students had an average level of empathy and spiritual well-being. Clinical empathy decreased from the 3rd year and was lower in final-year students. Spiritual well-being had a positive significant relationship with empathy. There was a statistically significant association between mean empathy scores with demographic variables such as gender, parental education, habit of doing meditation, permanent residence area, and year of study.
Studies in science and mathematics education have shown that teachers’ responsiveness to students’ ideas, feelings, and experiences is critical for promoting epistemic agency, disciplinary ...engagement, and equity. Such responsiveness is particularly important for students whose cultures, backgrounds, and funds of knowledge have been traditionally marginalized in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms. Yet, what allows teachers to enact responsive teaching is less clear. We argue that epistemic empathy—the capacity for tuning into and appreciating learners’ intellectual and emotional experiences in constructing, communicating, and critiquing knowledge—is an essential driver of teacher responsiveness. In this work, we examine how epistemic empathy can serve to support teachers’ attention and responsiveness to students’ sensemaking experiences in the classroom and discuss emergent tensions that arise in this work. We end with implications for research and for teacher education to cultivate epistemic empathy as a resource for responsive teaching and a target for teacher learning.
Meta-analytic procedures were used to test the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, empathy/desensitization, and ...prosocial behavior. Unique features of this meta-analytic review include (a) more restrictive methodological quality inclusion criteria than in past meta-analyses; (b) cross-cultural comparisons; (c) longitudinal studies for all outcomes except physiological arousal; (d) conservative statistical controls; (e) multiple moderator analyses; and (f) sensitivity analyses. Social-cognitive models and cultural differences between Japan and Western countries were used to generate theory-based predictions. Meta-analyses yielded significant effects for all 6 outcome variables. The pattern of results for different outcomes and research designs (experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal) fit theoretical predictions well. The evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior. Moderator analyses revealed significant research design effects, weak evidence of cultural differences in susceptibility and type of measurement effects, and no evidence of sex differences in susceptibility. Results of various sensitivity analyses revealed these effects to be robust, with little evidence of selection (publication) bias.
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Vicarious pain perception has been an influential paradigm for investigating the social neuroscience of empathy. This research has highlighted the importance of both shared representations (i.e., ...involved in both experiencing first-hand physical pain and observing pain) and mechanisms that discriminate between self and other. The majority of this research has been conducted in healthy younger adults using a group-average approach. There are, however, known inter-individual differences that can contribute to vicarious experience. One factor relates to the degree to which individuals experience reportable pain-like sensations/feelings in response to seeing others in pain. Here we conduct the first systematic investigation of the neural basis of conscious vicarious pain in a large sample of participants. Using cluster analysis, we firstly demonstrate that consciously experiencing the pain of others is surprisingly prevalent and, exists in two forms: one group experiences sensory and localised pain whilst the other group report affective and non-localised experiences. Building on this, we used electroencephalography (EEG) and structural brain imaging to examine the neural correlates of vicarious pain in the three different groups. We find that the dominant electrophysiological marker used to index vicarious pain in previous studies (mu and beta suppression) was only found to be significant in the sensory and localised pain responder group (with a sensitive null result in the ‘neurotypical’ group). Finally, using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) we identify a common differences in the two pain responder groups relative to typical adults; namely increased grey-matter in insula and somatosensory cortex and reduced grey matter in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ). We suggest that the latter reflects a reduced ability to distinguish bodily self and other, and may be a common factor distinguishing conscious from unconscious vicarious experience.
Studying what factors influence the ability to resonate with the pain of others in the aftermath of a genocide and how this extends to the following generation is critical to better understand the ...perpetuation of conflicts. In the present study conducted in Rwanda, we recruited former genocide perpetrators and survivors, and their respective children and investigated how their neural response to the pain of others is modulated when they visualized pictures of former perpetrators or survivors, or their offspring. We further evaluated how the impact of the genocide and psychological factors associated with trauma influenced the results. Results showed that the intergroup empathy bias-that is, a reduced neural response to the pain of the outgroup-is present for both individuals alive during the genocide and their offspring. We also observed that a higher number of stressors experienced during the genocide was associated with a higher reduction of the neural response to the pain of others, even toward the children of one's own ingroup. Finally, we observed that a deliberate and free decision to reconcile is associated with a higher neural response to the pain of others. The results may be central to encouraging reconciliation in peacebuilding programs and to fostering empathic repair after trauma.
Public Significance Statement
In the present research conducted on former genocide perpetrators, survivors, and their children in Rwanda, we showed that the intergroup empathy bias is still present 27 years after the genocide and that children display the same biases as their parents. These findings are important to better understand the perpetuation of conflicts.
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Peer problems are frequently associated with difficulties in recognizing and appraising the emotions of others. It has been argued that facial responsiveness to others’ emotions—or motor empathy—is a ...precursor of emotion processing and affective empathy. Although mimicry impairments have been observed in studies of young people with conduct problems, to our knowledge no study has examined facial responsiveness to others’ expressions in young children and examined how this relates to peer relationship problems. Four- to 7-year-old children (n = 91) with or without teacher-reported peer relationship problems (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire) viewed three dynamic film clips depicting a sad, happy, or scared child, while their spontaneous facial emotional responses were assessed using iMotions software that codes the movement of facial muscles. Children displayed facial expressivity that was congruent with the emotional expressions in the clips. Groups with and without peer problems did not differ in their responses to seeing a happy child. However, children with peer problems exhibited reduced or atypical facial emotional responses to the negative emotional clips. Decreased or atypical facial expressivity to negative emotions was also associated with severity of peer problems; atypical facial responsivity to sadness and reduced facial responsivity to fear predicted peer problems independently of one another. We conclude that reduced or atypical facial expressiveness in response to other children’s dynamic facial expressions is associated with problematic peer relations in young children. The implications for early identification and interventions to support prosocial development are discussed.
The capacity to empathize with others facilitates prosocial behavior. People's willingness and capacity to empathize, however, is often contingent upon the target's group membership – people are less ...empathic towards those they categorize as out-group members. In competitive or threatening intergroup contexts, people may even feel pleasure (counter-empathy) in response to out-group members' misfortunes. Social dominance orientation (SDO), or the extent to which people prefer and promote group-based inequalities, is an ideological variable that is associated with a competitive view of the world, increased prejudicial attitudes, and decreased empathy. Thus, higher levels of SDO should be associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy in general, but especially towards those whose subjugation maintains group inequalities. Across three studies we show that among White individuals, higher SDO levels are associated with less empathy, and more counter-empathy in response to others' good and bad fortunes. More importantly, these reductions in empathy and increases in schadenfreude as a function of SDO were significantly stronger for Asian and Black targets than for in-group White targets when group boundaries were made salient prior to the empathy ratings. Finally, in a fourth study we show that this phenomenon is not dependent upon a history of status differences: higher SDO scores were associated with decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy for competitive out-group (relative to in-group) targets in a novel group setting. We discuss implications of these effects for hierarchy maintenance.
•SDO predicted decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy in general.•Higher SDO scores were associated with greater intergroup empathy bias.•SDO scores also correlated with greater counter-empathy bias when groups competed.
We present the Empathy for Pain Stimuli System (EPSS): a large-scale database of stimuli for studying people’s empathy for pain. The EPSS comprises five sub-databases. First, the Empathy for Limb ...Pain Picture Database (EPSS-Limb) provides 68 painful and 68 non-painful limb pictures, exhibiting people’s limbs in painful and non-painful situations, respectively. Second, the Empathy for Face Pain Picture Database (EPSS-Face) provides 80 painful and 80 non-painful pictures of people’s faces being penetrated by a syringe or touched by a Q-tip. Third, the Empathy for Voice Pain Database (EPSS-Voice) provides 30 painful and 30 non-painful voices exhibiting either short vocal cries of pain or neutral interjections. Fourth, the Empathy for Action Pain Video Database (EPSS-Action_Video) provides 239 painful and 239 non-painful videos of whole-body actions. Finally, the Empathy for Action Pain Picture Database (EPSS-Action_Picture) provides 239 painful and 239 non-painful pictures of whole-body actions. To validate the stimuli in the EPSS, participants evaluated the stimuli using four different scales, rating pain intensity, affective valence, arousal, and dominance. The EPSS is available to download for free at
https://osf.io/muyah/?view_only=33ecf6c574cc4e2bbbaee775b299c6c1
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