Klasične moralne dileme žrtvovanja, u kojima je potrebno žrtvovati život jedne osobe kako bi spasili nekoliko drugih života, često su definirane konfliktom između racionalnog odgovora maksimizacije ...ukupne dobrobiti (utilitaristička moralna prosudba) i emocionalne averzije na povredu (deontološka moralna prosudba). Novija su istraživanja moralnog prosuđivanja pokazala da su socijalno averzivni stilovi ličnosti povezani sa sklonosti utilitarističkom odgovaranju na moralne dileme. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati povezanosti crta ličnosti tamne trijade i odgovora na moralne dileme, kao i medijacijski efekt emocionalne empatije na tu povezanost. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 210 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 68 godina, od toga 147 žena i 63 muškaraca. Dobiveni su rezultati pokazali da su viša psihopatija i viši makijavelizam povezani s većom sklonosti utilitarističkoj moralnoj prosudbi. Nije pronađena povezanost narcizma i moralne prosudbe. Žene iskazuju višu emocionalnu empatiju, a muškarci višu psihopatiju i veću sklonost utilitarističkoj moralnoj prosudbi. Viša je emocionalna empatija povezana s nižim narcizmom, nižim makijavelizmom i nižom psihopatijom te manjom sklonosti utilitarističkoj moralnoj prosudbi. Niska emocionalna empatija je značajan medijator povezanosti makijavelizma i psihopatije sa sklonosti utilitarističkoj moralnoj prosudbi. Raspravljeni su efekti crta tamne trijade i emocionalne empatije na moralnu prosudbu.
Classic sacrificial moral dilemmas, in which it is necessary to sacrifice a life of one person in order to save several other lives, are often defined by the conflict between the rational response of maximizing aggregate welfare (utilitarian moral judgment) and emotional aversion to harm (deontological moral judgment). Recent research in moral judgment shows that socially aversive personality styles are associated with utilitarian response to moral dilemmas. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits and moral judgment, as well as the mediation effect of emotional empathy on that relationship. Two hundred and ten people participated in the study, aged 18-68 years (147 women and 63 men). The results showed that higher psychopathy and higher Machiavellianism are associated with greater endorsement of utilitarian judgment. We found no association between narcissism and moral judgment. Women scored higher on emotional empathy, and men on psychopathy and had higher endorsement of utilitarian judgment. Higher emotional empathy is associated with lower narcissism, lower Machiavellianism and lower psychopathy as well as lower utilitarian judgment. Lower emotional empathy is a significant mediator of the relationship between Machiavellianism and psychopathy and greater endorsement of utilitarian judgment. The effects of the Dark Triad personality traits and emotional empathy on judgment are discussed.
Los dilemas morales clásicos sobre el sacrificio, en los que hay que sacrificar la vida de una persona para salvar varias vidas, a menudo se definen por el conflicto entre la respuesta racional de maximización del bien total (juicio moral utilitario) y la aversión emocional por el daño (juicio moral deontológico). Las investigaciones recientes del juicio moral han demostrado que los estilos de personalidad que son aversivos socialmente también están relacionados con la tendencia hacia la respuesta utilitaria en los dilemas morales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la relación entre los rasgos de personalidad de tríada oscura y la respuesta en los dilemas morales, tanto como el efecto mediador que tiene la empatía emocional sobre esta relación. En la investigación participaron 210 personas a la edad de entre 18 y 68 años, de los cuales 147 son mujeres y 63 hombres. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que mayor grado de psicopatía y de maquiavelismo está relacionado con el mayor grado de tendencia hacia el juicio moral utilitario. No se ha comprobado la relación entre el narcisismo y el juicio moral. Las mujeres muestran mayor grado de empatía y los hombres mayor grado de psicopatía, tanto como mayor tendencia hacia el juicio moral utilitario. Mayor empatía emocional se relaciona con menor grado de narcisismo, maquiavelismo y psicopatía, tanto como con menor tendencia hacia el juicio moral utilitario. La empatía emocional baja es un mediador significativo de la relación que el maquiavelismo y la psicopatía tienen con la tendencia hacia el juicio moral utilitario. Se han discutido los efectos que los rasgos de la tríada oscura y de la empatía emocional tienen sobre el juicio moral.
Many researchers (e.g. Farrington, 2003; Joliffe and Farrington, 2004) state that the mechanism linking empathy and offending needs to be better explored, suggesting several ways in which this ...relationship be viewed. One of them is based on the results of Joliffe and Farringtons’ (2004) systematic review of studies relating empathy to offending. According to these authors, there is a possibility that empathy actually mediates the relationship between some other risk factors and offending. Their review showed that intelligence is one of these risk factors. Therefore, in order to provide a better understanding of the relationship among intelligence, empathy and criminal recidivism, the aim of this study was to examine whether empathy mediates the relationship between intelligence and criminal recidivism. It was hypothesized that lower intelligence would affect intensity of criminal recidivism only indirectly, through lower empathy. The sample consisted of 1600 male prisoners in the Croatian prison system who had to serve a prison sentence longer than 6 months. Average prisoner age was 39 years (SD=11.79) and duration of the prison sentence was 27 months (SD=34.39). All prisoners came to the Center for Diagnostics in Zagreb during 2013, and they all went through psychodiagnostic testing. For the purposes of this paper, data on intelligence, empathy, personality, and criminal recidivism were used. Criminal recidivism was operationalised as the number of prison sentences during a person’s lifetime. Intelligence was measured using the Beta test, empathy using the empathy subscale from the Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire, and personality traits (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism) using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised/Adult. Results of mediation analysis conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2012) showed a nonsignificant direct effect of intelligence on criminal recidivism, and a significant indirect effect of lower intelligence on criminal recidivism via lower empathy. Research findings are discussed from theoretical and practical perspectives.
The factors of empathy of sport pedagogues are researched not sufficiently enough. The problem of the research work is that data, which would reveal the level of empathy components of sport ...pedagogues, is still lacking. The objective of the work is to define the influence of social training on the empathy of sport pedagogues (basing on the experience of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education). The subject
of the research is the level of empathy components of sport pedagogues. The research was based on questionnaire (Raigorodsky Empathy Scale ). The Social Skills Inventory was generated after providing an exploratory survey at Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education. The Empathy Scale demonstrated internal validity. The experiment was performed from 1998 till 2002. The experiment was performed with 230 students of the Faculty of Sport Educology, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, whom we divided in experimental group (136 students) and control group (94 students).
Introduction. Self-reported scales, such as the Jefferson Scale of Empathy - Student version (JSE-S), had been recognised to measure the empathic disposition rather than behavioural expression. This ...study aimed to re-validate the JSE-S and its factor structure prior further research on empathy in medical students.
Methods. A convenience sampling method was employed in two consecutive academic years, in 2012/13 and 2013/14, at the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana, Slovenia; first and final year students participated voluntarily. The JSE-S examined empathy levels. The principal component analysis was performed with Oblimin rotation and Kaisers’ criteria. Factors with eigenvalues ≥ 1.25 were retained and items loading ≥ |0.40| were required for the interpretation of the factor structure.
Results. The total study sample size was 845 students, (580 (68.6%)) of them women; 327 (72.2%) were in the first (19.2 ± 1.9 years old) and 253 (61.7%) in the sixth (24.9 ± 1.1 years old) year of medical school. Females achieved higher JSE-S scores in all groups. The three-factor JSE-S was confirmed, but only seven items were concordant in all groups. A higher proportion of explained variation for Perspective Taking and Standing in the Patient`s Shoes, and better internal consistency, was found in a reduced-item scale (16-18 items). When performing factor analysis of a seven-item scale, the percentages of explained variance increased with two factors extracted.
Conclusions. Only the cognitive dimension of JSE-S gave results as expected, therefore proper terminology, i.e. the object of assessment, must be used in further administration of JSE-S and empathy-related research in medical students.
Izhodišča. Samoocenjevalne lestvice, kakršna je Jeffersonova lestvica empatije - oblika za študente (JSE-S), so se izkazale kot mere naravnanosti (stališč) in ne kot pripomočki za oceno in napoved vedenja. Zato je bilo treba pred nadaljnjimi raziskavami empatične naravnanosti pri študentih in preučevanjem odnosa med študijskim programom ter pristopi in empatično naravnanostjo študentov ponovno preveriti veljavnost JSE-S, bolj jasno opredeliti predmet merjenja ter variacije/razlike, povezane s spolom.
Metode. S priložnostnim vzorčenjem v dveh zaporednih študijskih letih (2012/13 in 2013/14) so bili študenti prvega in šestega letnika Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljani povabljeni k anonimnemu in prostovoljnemu sodelovanju. Svojo empatično naravnanost so ocenjevali z JSE-S. S Student t-testom za neodvisne vzorce in enosmerno analizo variance so bile izračunane razlike po spolu in letniku študija. Vsi testi so bili dvosmerni, z mejo statistične pomembnosti P <0,05. Izvedena je bila validacija lestvice po metodi glavnih komponent z rotacijo Oblimin, ob upoštevanju Kaiserjevih meril. Nasičenost posameznih trditev ≥ |0,40| in faktorji z lastno vrednostjo ≥ 1,25 so bili podlaga za razlago faktorske strukture.
Rezultati. Celotni vzorec je vključeval 845 študentov, med njimi je bilo 580 (68,6%) žensk, 327 (72,2%) je bilo študentov prvega letnika, starih 19,2 ± 1,9 leta, 253 (61,7%) pa študentov šestega letnika, starih 24,9 ± 1,1 leta. Ženske so dosegle višje skupne vrednosti na JSE-S v vseh skupinah. Tri faktorska struktura JSE-S se je potrdila, vendar se je le sedem trditev/postavk ujemalo v vseh štirih skupinah študentov. Ko je bila lestvica skrajšana na 16 oziroma 18 trditev, se je povečal delež pojasnjene variance pri faktorjih upoštevanje zornega kota drugega in zavzemanje pozicije drugega, boljša je bila tudi notranja konsistentnost. V faktorski analizi lestvice s sedmimi trditvami/postavkami je bil delež pojasnjene variance še večji, ne pa tudi notranja konsistentnost (Cronbach’s α > 0,70). Izločena sta bila dva faktorja, oba po vsebini opisujeta kognitivno razsežnost empatije.
Zaključki. Pokazalo se je, da JSE-S meri empatično naravnanost, kar je treba upoštevati v prihodnjih raziskavah ter temu prilagoditi tudi poimenovanje lestvice. Predlagamo uporabo skrajšane lestvice s 16 trditvami, s skupno vrednostjo točk JSE-S kot mero samoocene kognitivne komponente empatije.
Empatija je važan koncept u suvremenoj psihologiji i neuroznanosti u kojima su brojni autori posvećeni istraživanju tog fenomena. Većina njih se slaže u značaju koje ima empatija i njezinim ...pozitivnim utjecajima na međuljudske odnose, iako postoje i neki negativni aspekti empatije. Sa psihološkog i biološkog stanovišta, empatija je neophodna za ljudsko preživljavanje i uspješan život u društvenim grupama. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled empatije, uključujući povijest koncepta počevši s pojmom Einfühlung, kao i početke proučavanja i definiranja empatije, suvremeni pristup, komponente empatije i njezinu evolucijsku i neuroznanstvenu pozadinu, mjerenje empatije, razvoj empatije kroz trening, i konačno, drugu stranu ovog uglavnom pozitivnog koncepta s obzirom na međuljudske odnose. Također smo naveli pregled prijedloga za daljnja istraživanja na ovom području.
The aim of this research was to establish the linkage of a creative personality of students of visual arts and cognitive and emotional empathy and whether the assessment of empathy is related to the ...gender. 1st– 4th year students of two art profile higher schools participated in the research, their age was 18–32 years. The traits of a creative personality were evaluated in accordance with the “Questionnaire on assessment of characteristics of a creative personality” (Туник E. E., 2003). The cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy were evaluated on the basis of the “Interpersonal reactivity index” questionnaire (Davis M. H., 1983). The instrument consists of four seven-item subscales: the perspective-taking scale, contains items which assess spontaneous attempts to adopt the perspectives of other people. Items on the fantasy scale measure the tendency to identify with characters from movies, novels, plays and other fictional situations. The empathic concern scale inquires about respondents‘ feelings of warmth, compassion, and concern for others, while the personal distress scale measures the personal feelings of anxiety and discomfort which result from observing another‘s negative experience. It has been revealed that with the decrease of the assessment of predisposition to risk, personal distress assessment increases. Also, it has been established that with the decrease of complexity assessment, personal distress assessment decreases. With the increase of imagination assessment, fantasy assessment also increases. The assessment of creativity did not differ among males and females; however, the assessment of personal distress in females was higher. Perspective taking and fantasy assessments did not differ among males and females.
Uvod: Bolesnici i njihove obitelji od medicinskih sestara očekuju suosjećanje, empatiju i uzajamno poštovanje. S ciljem što boljeg usvajanja empatičkih vještina komuniciranja s bolesnicima, u ...sestrinskoj profesiji potrebno je provoditi kontinuiranu edukaciju od samog početka školovanja te nastaviti putem cjeloživotnog učenja.Ispitanici i metode: Podaci su prikupljani općim upitnikom o demografskim karakteristikama i studentskom verzijom Jeffersonove ljestvice empatije razvijene posebno za proučavanje empatije zdravstvenih djelatnika i studenata u kontekstu skrbi o pacijentima. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćene 252 medicinske sestre i tehničara. Provedeno je presječno istraživanje. Statistička analiza rađena je programskim sustavom MedCalc.Rezultati: Istraživanjem je uočena visoka razina empatije, medijan Jeffersonove ljestvice empatije iznosio je 121 (IQR 111 – 128), što je iznad prosjeka u usporedbi s prijašnjim istraživanjima. Značajno višu razinu empatije iskazale su žene u usporedbi s muškarcima, a značajno nižu najmlađi ispitanici. Nije uočena povezanost empatije s razinom obrazovanja.Zaključak: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku razinu empatije kod medicinskih sestara i tehničara, ali još uvijek ima dovoljno prostora za poboljšanja. Očekivala se viša razina empatičnosti prvostupnika sestrinstva. Pretpostavljalo se da će profesionalno iskustvo, kao i obrazovanje, doprinijeti višoj razini empatičnosti. Može se zaključiti da bi u obrazovanje medicinskih sestara i tehničara poželjno bilo uključiti više sati poučavanja o dobrobitima empatije i vježbanju vještine iskazivanja empatije.
Aim
: Aim of this paper is to examine the empathy of nurses and technicians. Patients and their families expect compassion, empathy, and mutual respect from nurses. In order to better acquire empathic skills of communication with patients in the nursing profession, it is necessary to conduct continuous education from the beginning of their education and continue through lifelong learning.
Participants and methods:
Data were collected through a general questionnaire on demographic characteristics and a student version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale developed specifically to study the empathy of health professionals and students in the context of patient care. The research included 252 nurses and technicians. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with the MedCalc software system.
Results:
The research found a high level of empathy, the median Jefferson empathy scale was 121 (IQR 111-128), which is above average compared to previous research. Here is a significantly higher level of empathy in nurses than in medical technicians and significantly lower in the youngest respondents. The association of education with the level of empathy was not observed.
Conclusion:
The results of the research indicate a high level of empathy among nurses and technicians, but there is still enough room for improvement. Higher levels of empathy were expected in bachelor's of nursing. It was assumed that professional experience as well as education would contribute to a higher level of empathy. It can be concluded that it would be desirable to include more hours in the education of nurses and technicians in teaching about the benefits of empathy and practicing the skill of expressing empathy.
Namen: Empatija je najpogosteje omenjena človeška lastnost v odnosu do bolnika in predstavlja pomembno vrednoto v zdravniškem poklicu. Krepitev empatičnega odnosa pri študentih medicine je pogosto ...poudarjena v mednarodnih smernicah za medicinsko izobraževanje. Namen raziskave je bil validacija in adaptacija slovenske variante študentske različice Jeffersonove lestvice za merjenje empatije na vzorcu študentov prvega letnika medicine.
Cilj projekta u fokusu ovog članka provedba je postupaka restorativne pravde na razini nakon izricanja presude kao i razvoj "mehanizama" za podršku i zaštitu žrtvi teških zločina te njihovo ...zadovoljavajuće informiranje o tome što restorativna pravda nudi. Projekt se odnosi na Direktivu 2012/29/EU Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije od 25. listopada 2012., a postavlja minimalne standarde za prava, podršku i zaštitu žrtvi zločina. Ovaj članak u općem smislu povezuje naš rad sa širim okvirom restorativne pravde te, u užem smislu, s istraživanjima o empatiji kao poveznici između ljudi. Empatija je povezana s kontekstom viktimizacije i prekršaja te se otkriva na koji način pridonosi društvenom miru i iscjeljenju. Potom se predstavlja pojam zatvorskog učenja empatije prema žrtvama kao i prve spoznaje o skupinama žrtava. Naposljetku se sažimlju preliminarni zaključci iz praktičnog rada i buduće ideje.
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