La “oposición” es el método de selección de personal para los cuerpos superiores de la función pública española y cientos de miles de candidatos participan en las oposiciones cada año. A pesar de ...ello, permanece sin haberse estudiado su validez predictiva y sus potenciales efectos sobre la igualdad de trato para hombres y mujeres. Este artículo presenta dos estudios independientes dedicados establecer la validez predictiva y el grado de igualdad de trato de la “oposición”. En el primero se examinó con candidatos al Cuerpo de Técnicos de Hacienda. Los resultados indicaron una validez operativa ρ = .54 (N = 392) y un valor d de Cohen promedio de .14 para la igualdad de trato favorable a los hombres. El segundo estudio se realizó con candidatos al Cuerpo Superior de Inspectores de Hacienda y la validez operativa fue de ρ = .50 (N =.70) y la d de Cohen de .33 favorable a las mujeres. Los resultados indican que la “oposición” muestra una validez semejante o superior a la de los mejores instrumentos de selección de personal. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones para la práctica y se hacen recomendaciones para mejorar este sistema de acceso a la función pública.
This article reflects on the principle of equal treatment as a constant feature that pervades the European Union’s legal order and its specific role in competition law. Throughout history, this ...principle has been a foundation stone for developing the characteristics, such as freedom of movement, that one would consensually recognise as distinctive features that make the European Union a
political construction. After a brief analysis of the principle’s development and ever-expanding contours, with new instruments emerging along the way and contributing to its importance, we will focus on the application of this principle to competition law. Paying particular attention to the
case, we will demonstrate how the general principle of equal treatment remains relevant when confronted with new types of discriminatory abuses.
The European Investment Bank plants the seeds for many future success stories. Now another seed has been planted: EIB Global, the EIB's development arm, which began operating in 2022. This report ...tells the stories of projects that make a difference on the ground, with sections on Ukraine, sustainability, climate and energy. The challenges we face know no borders. EIB Global represents our commitment to sustainable and inclusive societies everywhere.
Laissez-faire or full redistribution? Martínez, Ricardo; Moreno-Ternero, Juan D.
Economics letters,
September 2022, 2022-09-00, Volume:
218
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We explore the implications of three basic and intuitive axioms for income redistribution problems: equal treatment of equals, additivity and stability. We show that the combination of the three ...axioms characterizes two focal and polar rules: laissez-faire and full redistribution.
•We study the income redistribution problem from an axiomatic perspective.•We focus on three basic axioms: equal treatment of equals, additivity, and stability.•Two focal and polar rules are laissez-faire and full redistribution.•They are characterized by the combination of the three axioms.•Compromises between them are characterized by the first two axioms.
In this editorial for the special collection Confronting Discrimination: Phenomenological and Genealogical Perspectives, we discuss the productive aspects and limitations of discrimination as a ...concept for social criticism. Insofar as a proper understanding of discrimination must take into account both concrete experience and historical conditions, we propose to combine phenomenological and genealogical methodologies. While phenomenological analyses run the risk of individualizing discrimination, genealogical approaches are often suspected to reduce experiences of discrimination to their social-historical conditions. Dovetailing phenomenology and genealogy allows for mutual instruction and may herald a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination. To this end, we revisit formative phenomenological contributions to the study of discriminatory experiences and recall prominent motifs in the genealogical tradition for investigating discriminatory patterns. Finally, we show how the articles in this collection apply and critically reflect upon this proposal.
Ensuring fairness in algorithmic decision making is a crucial policy issue. Current legislation ensures fairness by barring algorithm designers from using demographic information in their decision ...making. As a result, to be legally compliant, the algorithms need to ensure equal treatment. However, in many cases, ensuring equal treatment leads to disparate impact particularly when there are differences among groups based on demographic classes. In response, several “fair” machine learning (ML) algorithms that require impact parity (e.g., equal opportunity) at the cost of equal treatment have recently been proposed to adjust for the societal inequalities. Advocates of fair ML propose changing the law to allow the use of protected class-specific decision rules. We show that the proposed fair ML algorithms that require impact parity, while conceptually appealing, can make everyone worse off, including the very class they aim to protect. Compared with the current law, which requires treatment parity, the fair ML algorithms, which require impact parity, limit the benefits of a more accurate algorithm for a firm. As a result, profit maximizing firms could underinvest in
learning,
that is, improving the accuracy of their machine learning algorithms. We show that the investment in learning decreases when misclassification is costly, which is exactly the case when greater accuracy is otherwise desired. Our paper highlights the importance of considering strategic behavior of stake holders when developing and evaluating fair ML algorithms. Overall, our results indicate that fair ML algorithms that require impact parity, if turned into law, may not be able to deliver some of the anticipated benefits.
This paper was accepted by Kartik Hosanagar, information systems.
Abstract Drawing on street‐level discrimination literature and representative bureaucracy literature, we theorise that bureaucrats from social groups that have a lower status in society are less ...inclined to discriminate in evaluating citizen‐clients than bureaucrats from higher status groups. We conducted a 2 × 2 vignette survey experiment among bureaucrats in Dutch street‐level organisations ( N = 3109) in various organisational domains. The study shows mixed findings. We found evidence for discrimination and so‐called reverse discrimination, revealing that bureaucrats ascribe more competence to higher status citizens, but lower trust at the same time. We did not find bureaucrats' own status background to matter in their biased evaluations.
The cornerstones of EU citizenship are the right of free movement and the right not to be discriminated against on grounds of nationality. In this article, I choose three categories and test either ...the overlap between EU citizenship status and practice (Eurostars) or the mismatch between the two ('perceived as Roma EU citizens' and EEA-non-EU citizens - Norwegians in this case). I use a performative citizenship approach and, based on 51 interviews with free movers, I analyse how their free movement acts extend and challenge EU citizenship. I argue that the differentiated practice of free movement creates different gears of EU citizenship and, thus, an internally differentiated membership as well as a quasi-EU citizenship outside the formal status.
After decades of the American "war on drugs" and relentless prison expansion, political officials are finally challenging mass incarceration. Many point to an apparently promising solution to reduce ...the prison population: addiction treatment.InAddicted to Rehab, Bard College sociologist Allison McKim gives an in-depth and innovative ethnographic account of two such rehab programs for women, one located in the criminal justice system and one located in the private healthcare system-two very different ways of defining and treating addiction. McKim's book shows how addiction rehab reflects the race, class, and gender politics of the punitive turn. As a result, addiction has become a racialized category that has reorganized the link between punishment and welfare provision. While reformers hope that treatment will offer an alternative to punishment and help women, McKim argues that the framework of addiction further stigmatizes criminalized women and undermines our capacity to challenge gendered subordination. Her study ultimately reveals a two-tiered system, bifurcated by race and class.
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