Exclusion de la procédure d'expropriation pour risques naturels majeurs en cas d'érosion dunaire, Conseil constitutionnel, décision n° 2018-698 QPC du 6 avril 2018, Syndicat secondaire Le Signal
One of the important issues in the process of real estate expropriation is defining the group of entities entitled to compensation. This arises from the undetermined legal status of properties, ...limited rights in rem, claims by banks and bailiffs, and the lack of inheritance proceedings determining the current circle of owners. Another difficulty is the lack of precise legal norms and inconsistent jurisprudence. The aim of the study is to identify the problems related to determining the group of entities entitled to compensation for real estate expropriated by law based on the decision granting permission for the implementation of a road investment. The research thesis is that the legal norms regulating compensation need to be supplemented to streamline and standardise the processes of determining compensation for real estate expropriated for road investments.
En este artículo pondremos en tensión la construcción del NOA, Catamarca y específicamente Santa María, a través del tiempo, como ámbitos periféricos desde un punto de vista hegemónico.
Objetivo: O presente artigo examina a função das expectativas dos investidores estrangeiros na determinação de uma desapropriação indireta em arbitragens de investimentos internacionais. A ...desapropriação indireta ocorre quando uma medida regulatória do Estado que tem o objetivo de reger uma determinada política pública projeta efeitos que são equiparados a uma desapropriação. O impacto da medida no investimento estrangeiro é de natureza a neutralizá-lo e a torná-lo inoperante. Na prática do Direito Internacional dos Investimentos, os acordos de proteção dos investimentos bem como a jurisprudência arbitral têm se referido às expectativas inequívocas e razoáveis dos investidores para analisar os efeitos desapropriatórios das medidas regulatórias do Estado. Contudo, os contornos dessas expectativas ainda não estão nitidamente delimitados, de forma a dificultar a busca da legitimidade e da razoabilidade das expectativas dos investidores. O artigo aborda essa problemática.Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada de forma qualitativa com base em fontes primárias e secundárias. Uma amostra de acordos de proteção de investimentos e da jurisprudência arbitral foi, para tanto, estudada. Utilizou-se, outrossim, um método indutivo, partindo de casos concretos para compreender e para explicar a legitimidade e a razoabilidade das expectativas do investidor.Resultados: Conclui-se que o uso das expectativas legítimas para identificar uma desapropriação indireta deve ser embasado em representações objetivas, claras e inequívocas feitas pelo Estado ao investidor de formar a legitimar as suas expectativas. Demonstra-se também que a delimitação das expectativas depende obrigatoriamente do comportamento adotado pelo investidor durante as suas operações.Contribuições: O artigo apresenta uma reflexão para racionalizar o uso das expectativas do investidor no Direito Internacional dos Investimentos e, mais especificamente, na arbitragem internacional entre investidor e Estado. Contribui-se com uma metodologia para justificar em quais casos, sob quais condições e com quais limites as expectativas podem ou não ser consideradas para identificar uma desapropriação indireta.
•University technologies face the dilemma in the timing of licensing in relation to patenting.•Early licensing induces expropriation but delayed licensing causes technological ...obsolescence.•Licensee’s technological capability induces early licensing prior to the patent improvement.•Such relationship is weakened by technological overlap between the licensee and the technology.
This study investigates the influence of licensees’ technological capabilities on the timing of technology licensing in university technology commercialization. Drawing on the appropriation-collaboration tension from the literature on university technology licensing and intellectual property management, we propose that while the licensee’s technological capabilities drive early licensing by averting technological obsolescence, this effect diminishes significantly with an overlap in the technological domain of the focal invention due to expropriation concerns. Cox regression analysis of Stanford University’s invention dataset confirmed our hypotheses. This research reveals that technology licensing experiences delays with the most suitable licensees, namely, those with strong technological capabilities in the knowledge domain of the invention for licensing. This study contributes theoretical insights to the technology market literature and provides practical implications for licensing managers and industry partners in technology commercialization.
This paper considers a property law enactment that gave creditors more rights over the assets underlying their secured loans to private firms and gave private firms more protections against the ...potential expropriation of their assets. We find that this property law enactment led to a significant increase in firm value. We also find that the law׳s impact on value was more profound for firms with more tangible assets, lower internal cash flows, and stronger growth opportunities, and less profound for politically connected firms. Taken together, our findings confirm the importance of property rights protection in enhancing firm value.
INTRODUCTION Vertebral compression fractures occur commonly in the elderly population leading to the need for either bilateral or unilateral kyphoplasty as treatment after the failure of conservative ...measures. Recently, Medicare recommended performing a unilateral approach to kyphoplasty in the outpatient setting due to less anesthesia time and it being a less invasive procedure, but there is little demonstrating why a unilateral approach is just as efficacious as a bilateral approach. In this study, we report the results of 234 consecutive kyphoplasties that resulted after differing etiologies of injury that were performed with either a unilateral or a bilateral approach. METHODS A retrospective method was used to look at 234 consecutive kyphoplasties preformed over a 2-year period. These kyphoplasties were separated into bilateral and unilateral categories. We then compared the average total cement used per level, VAS reduction, average procedure time, and average in and out of the procedure room time between approaches. RESULTS It was found that both bilateral and unilateral approaches used an average of 7.2 cc of cement per level. It was found that after performing a bilateral approach 65% of patients had no pain afterward compared to 79% being pain free after a unilaterally performed kyphoplasty, which is a significant difference (P = .0269). The average total procedure time per single, two, three, and four levels for a unilateral approach was similar compared to a bilateral approach, as was the average in and out of the procedure room time. CONCLUSION We conclude that a unilateral approach is just as efficacious as a bilateral approach to kyphoplasty in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures. We can also conclude that there may be a benefit in using a unilateral approach over a bilateral approach when considering the significant reduction in the VAS seen in the unilateral approach.
Using a sample of 12,061 firm-year observations from the Chinese stock market for the period of 2001–2011 and geographic-proximity-based Confucianism variables, this study provides strong evidence ...that Confucianism is significantly negatively associated with minority shareholder expropriation, implying that Confucianism does mitigate agency conflicts between the controlling shareholder and minority shareholders. This finding suggests that Confucianism has important influence on business ethics, and thus can serve as an important ethical philosophy or social norm to mitigate the controlling shareholder's unethical expropriation behavior. Moreover, my findings reveal that the nature of the ultimate owner attenuates the negative association between Confucianism and minority shareholder expropriation, suggesting that Confucianism's negative impact on minority shareholder expropriation is less pronounced for state-owned enterprises than for non-state-owned enterprises. The above results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests and my findings are valid after controlling for the potential endogeneity between Confucianism and minority shareholder expropriation.
Extant studies on land dispossession often focus on its economic and extra-economic aspects, with respective emphasis on the operation of market mechanisms and the deployment of state-led coercion in ...bringing about the separation of households from their land. This article draws attention to the under-examined role of informal institutions in the politics of dispossession. Social organisations such as lineages and clans pervade grassroots societies and are central to land control and configurations of property rights. In China, the reconsolidation of lineages as share-holding corporations that develop real estate and operate land transfers has rendered them prominent actors in the politics of land and urbanisation. Drawing on an empirical case study, this article argues that informal institutions play a crucial role in mediating both the economic and extra-economic processes of dispossession. It further shows how, by providing the networks necessary for collective mobilisation and supplying the normative framework through which rightful shares in land are claimed, social organisations are at the same time instrumental in the organisation of anti-dispossession struggles. By unravelling the social dynamics that underlie land expropriation, this article offers a nuanced perspective to the politics of dispossession that goes beyond narratives of state-led coercion and market compulsion.
现有关于土地剥夺的研究往往侧重于其经济和“超经济”方面，前者强调市场机制的运行，后者强调运用国家主导的胁迫促成家庭与土地的分离。本文提请关注非正规机构在剥夺政治中发挥的作用，这一作用迄今尚未得到充分审视。诸如家族和宗族等社会组织遍布基层社会，是土地控制和产权配置的核心。在中国，一些血亲家族重新整合成为开发房地产和经营土地流转的股份制企业，使它们成为土地和城市化政治中的重要角色。本文以一个实证案例研究为基础，认为非正规机构在调节剥夺的经济和超经济过程中起着至关重要的作用。文章进一步表明，通过提供集体动员所必需的人际关系网络，并提供主张土地正当权益份额的规范框架，社会组织同时在组织反剥夺斗争中发挥作用。通过揭示土地征收背后的社会机制，本文提供了审视剥夺政治的一个细微视角，在国家主导型胁迫和市场强制角度之外另窥端倪。
