Factoring is a financial arrangement where the supplier sells accounts receivable to the factor against a premium and receives cash for immediate working capital needs. Reverse factoring takes ...advantage of the retailer’s payment guarantee and the credit rating differential between a small supplier and a large retailer, enabling the supplier to receive financing at a more favorable rate. We develop a supply chain theory of (recourse/non-recourse) factoring and reverse factoring showing when these post-shipment financing schemes should be adopted and who really benefits from the adoption. We find that recourse factoring is preferred when the supplier’s credit rating is relatively high, whereas non-recourse factoring is preferred within certain medium range of ratings. Both factoring schemes, if adopted, benefit both the supplier and the retailer, and thus the overall supply chain. Further, we find that reverse factoring may not always be preferred by suppliers compared to recourse and non-recourse factorings. Retailers should only offer reverse factoring to suppliers with low (but above a threshold) to medium credit ratings. The optimally designed reverse factoring program can always increase the retailer’s profit, but it may leave the supplier indifferent to the current factoring option when followed by an aggressive payment extension. More importantly, contrary to conventional wisdom, our theory implies that reverse factoring could be adopted even when the retailer has no credit rating advantage over the supplier, and it could benefit the retailer even without extending payment terms.
This paper was accepted by Victor Martínez-de-Albéniz, operations management.
In the context of globalization, the transactions between business partners become more and more diverse and require special attention from commercial banks and factoring companies, both with regard ...to settlement, in order to avoid possible financial blockings, and with regard to the security and protection of the interests of parties, by using funding techniques, specific products and services. Factoring provides companies the possibility of funding based on trading receivables received from third parties. The aim of the article is to shed light on the accounting and tax approach of this funding technique that, although it has lots of advantages, is too little known and employed in the Romanian business environment.
The article is aimed at exploring the prospects for development of factoring services in the national financial services market, taking into account the specific conditions of the Ukrainian economy ...and the formation of measures for the successful development of factoring service. Factoring is a universal method of refinancing the receivables of the enterprise-supplier. In researching the essence of factoring, it was noted that this financial service has something in common with a bank credit. In the course of a comparative analysis of factoring and bank crediting it was identified that the main advantages of factoring were the lack of collateral and an additional list of services that ensured that the supplier achieves competitive benefits, and a financial institution or a specialized factoring company – an increase in the customer base by acquiring from enterprises-suppliers (sellers) the right to claim the receivables of buyers. An analysis of the factoring services market showed an increase in the popularity of factoring services, which is due to the increase in the contracts of factoring by financial and factoring companies for five years (2014–2018). However, there are still problems that constrain the demand for factoring service from domestic suppliers and slow down the development of factoring companies per se. To overcome these problems, the most important directions are the development of legislation acts that will take into account all the legal aspects of the participants in factoring operation, and the formation of an innovative list of services by factoring companies, which will improve the process of management of the enterprises’ receivables.
With quantum computers of significant size now on the horizon, we should understand how to best exploit their initially limited abilities. To this end, we aim to identify a practical problem that is ...beyond the reach of current classical computers, but that requires the fewest resources for a quantum computer. We consider quantum simulation of spin systems, which could be applied to understand condensed matter phenomena. We synthesize explicit circuits for three leading quantum simulation algorithms, using diverse techniques to tighten error bounds and optimize circuit implementations. Quantum signal processing appears to be preferred among algorithms with rigorous performance guarantees, whereas higher-order product formulas prevail if empirical error estimates suffice. Our circuits are orders of magnitude smaller than those for the simplest classically infeasible instances of factoring and quantum chemistry, bringing practical quantum computation closer to reality.
Factoring is essentially a hybrid commercial operation that covers the elements of several legal mechanisms, the most common elements being borrowed from the debt assignment mechanism. However, the ...legislator did not consider it necessary to establish this legal operation in the contracts covered by the new Civil Code. Moreover, factoring does not currently benefit from any express regulation in Romanian law. Although, in the Romanian doctrine, we find references to a possible direct action of the factor against the assigned debtor, the situation of this action is uncertain. In this sense, we considered it opportune, but also necessary to formulate a brief analysis of what the factoring operation means in general, as well as to establish whether or not the factor's action covers the elements of a direct action. In the Romanian doctrine and legislation we find only fragments of texts regarding the factoring operation, therefore, an exhaustive analysis regarding the application of factoring and even more so of the factor's action cannot be performed. However, we hope that the brief explanations we will bring will lead to an outline, at least general, of the factor's action against the assigned debtor.
Abstract
In this paper, design of high speed and area efficient finite field multiplier using factoring technique for communication is implemented. Data security plays very important role in present ...generation. Therefore, initially inputs and key are given to S-Box. The main intent of S-Box is to substitute the input data and key. After that input data and key are merged using S-Box merge. This data will be multiplied using finite field multiplier and to improve the performance along with that mix column technique is applied. Factoring technique will increase the speed of operation. After the data performs shift row operation. At last rounding is performed to the obtained data. At last simulation results shows that effective outcome in terms of delay, memory and security.
Factoring has been a popular method of financing of companies in India. Since its inception, factoring business has made a significant progress in India. The total factoring volume has increased in ...the past nine years. Yet it is found that in its present improved format, factoring is still not the preferred solution for most of the Indian Companies. But around the world, factoring is a popular option to access working capital in the case of small or even large businesses, among eleven companies, which are providing the factoring business in India, only State Bank of India Global Factors Limited (SBIGFL) is providing domestic as well as International Factoring services under one roof. S BIGFL is a member of Factors Chain International (FCI), an Umbrella Organization of worldwide factoring companies. The aim of this study is to know the concept of factoring and the products, services, role of the SBIGFL in the factoring business in India._
This study investigates the efficacy of zero‐interest early payment financing (alternatively referred to as early payment) and positive‐interest in‐house factoring financing in a pull supply chain ...with a capital‐constrained manufacturer selling a product through a capital‐abundant retailer. Early payment is the prepayment of a wholesale cost to the manufacturer, whereas in‐house factoring is a loan service provided to the manufacturer by a branch financing firm of the same retailer. We find that the retailer prefers early payment financing to bank financing when the manufacturer’s production cost is low. If the retailer instead offers positive‐interest in‐house factoring financing to the manufacturer, then the financing equilibrium domain enlarges as compared to bank financing. Interestingly, early payment financing can outplay positive‐interest in‐house factoring financing if the production cost is considerably low; otherwise, vice versa. When the production cost is big enough, the retailer will not provide either early payment or in‐house factoring. Furthermore, our main qualitative result sustains with an identical wholesale price across all three financing schemes and the financing equilibrium domain of early payment shrinks as demand variability grows.
PurposeAs a popular supply chain finance (SCF) strategy, reverse factoring has been widely adopted by buyer firms. However, the extant literature provides scant empirical evidence on the performance ...effect of reverse factoring. The purpose of this study is to seek to narrow this gap by empirically examining the relationship between reverse factoring and operating performance and the contingency conditions of this relationship.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 167 announcements of reverse factoring implementation made by publicly listed Chinese manufacturing firms between 2014 and 2018, this paper employs a long-term event study approach to analyze the operating performance effect of reverse factoring as well as the moderating effects of production and innovation capabilities.FindingsThe event study results indicate that reverse factoring has a positive effect on buyer firms' operating performance in terms of cost efficiency and operating margin. In addition, both production and innovation capabilities positively moderate the relationship between reverse factoring and operating margin. However, neither of them moderates the relationship between reverse factoring and cost efficiency.Originality/valueThis is the first study that empirically examines the impact of reverse factoring on operating performance based on secondary data. Furthermore, it sheds light on the SCF literature by providing insights into the contingency effects of production and innovation capabilities, which also extends our understanding of the application of extended resource-based view in SCF research.
CONTRACTUL DE FACTORING Magdo, Monna-Lisa Belu
Dreptul (București),
01/2022
3
Journal Article
The study examines the factoring contract as an easy and quick method of financing of the adherent by way of turning to account of the unmatured claims. The factoring, regulated internationally, has ...been recognized and defined in the Romanian legislation, but without any regulation of its legal system. After the analysis of the framework contract and of the actual factoring contract, the study examines and explains the forms of the factoring contract and their finality, as well as the constitutive elements of the contract, with reference to the specific of the contracting parties and of the participants, as well as to the derived object, concerning certain, liquid, assignable, but not exigible claims. In the approach of the effects of the contract there have been analyzed the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and the relations generated by the contract. In respect of the obligations of the adherent, attention was paid to the transmission of the right over the claims by means of sale and to the achievement of the conventional subrogation and the moment of transmission of the right over claims, depending on the distinction between old line factoring and the maturity factoring. Likewise, it has been analyzed the legal and conventional obligation of warranty of the adherent in correlation to the risks assumed by the factor, related to payment default of the claims and the insolvency of the assigned debtor. In the same context, it has been also treated the problem of notification of the debtor concerning the assignment of claims, highlighting the consequences of the notification with regard to the enforcement of claims, as well as the aspects of opposability of the assignment to the debtors and to third parties, with reference to recording of the transmission of the universality of claims in the Electronic Archive of Security Interests on Movable Property.The rights and obligations of the factor have been examined from its perspective of owner of the invoices accepted for payment and of the takeover by the latter of the task of collection of claims from the clients of the adherent, in close correlation with the factor's function of financier of the adherent, by the payment of the claims assigned before maturity. The patrimonial factor-adherent relations have been integrated into the role of the current account opened by the factor for the payment of claims assigned and of the discount covered by the adherent, resulted from the difference between the nominal and conventional value of the claims assigned. By the correlated mechanism of crediting-debiting, the current account also fulfils its accounting function of crediting the adherent with the amounts that the factor collects as mandatary with regard to the invoices not accepted for payment and the function of debiting with the amounts owed by the debtor, following the regression for the claims for which the adherent has conventionally assumed the risk of payment default or of insolvency of the debtor. The effects of factoring contract are analyzed also in terms of its impact in case of insolvency of the adherent, including of the consequences related in this case to the turning to account of the claims assigned with regard to the assigned debtor. It was treated also the reverse-factoring mechanism, as well as the relations between the adherent, the factor and the assigned debtor, in relation to the effects of the notification in terms of the turning to account the claim right of the adherent, of the factor and of the payment obligation of the assigned debtor. In the final part of the study, there have been outlined the legal features of the factoring contract, with special outlook on the character intuitu personae of the contract, on the character of adherence contract and of random contract, in the hypothesis that the factor assumes the risk of payment default or of insolvency of the assigned debtor. The scientific approach led to the classification of the legal nature of the factoring contract as a complex of contracts and legal figures different, but convergent, with its own physiognomy and autonomy, which differentiates the factoring contract from its components. The particular configuration of the factoring contract, which defines it as a whole with its own legal system, has brought to attention the need for demarcation of the contract from its components.
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