The research discusses key issues of the dictionary description of formally coinciding and semantically similar/dissimilar units of the vocabulary of the French and Russian languages. The relevance ...of the study is dictated by the absence of a dictionary of French-Russian lexical parallels in Russian lexicography and the significance of such a dictionary for the translation and linguo-didactical sphere of activity in the conditions of the spread of artificial bilingualism in modern globalized world. The novelty of the research lies in the representation of the dictionary description of French-Russian lexical parallels, different from the lexicographic experience of V.L. Muravyev. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing interlexical semantic relations of dialexemes of the Russian and French languages and selectively present the results of their systematic lexicographic description in a number of so-called ‘new generation dictionaries’. The research material was associatively correlated lexemes of the Russian and French languages, identified and selected by bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, as well as national text corpora of the languages under consideration. The methodology of the study consisted of the methods of continuous and selective sampling; quantitative, contrastive, comparative analysis; description; as well as the distributive method. The research focuses on the selection of a word-list, on the specifics of its organization and representation in dictionary entries. The work on the format and content of the dictionary is based on the standard model of the dictionary of lexical parallels for two synchronously compared languages, developed and implemented by V.V. Dubichinsky. The article presents a brief-course into the history of the description of lexical parallels, including false friends of the translator, lexical internationalisms of French origin and gallicisms in the Russian language and identifies the main points of V.V. Dubichinsky’s theory of lexical parallels. The authors comment on the issue of the terminological apparatus of the phenomenon described and analyze the typology of French-Russian lexical parallels and the principles of their lexicographying. Each of the existing types of French-Russian lexical parallels is considered separately. In order to internationalize Russian as a second language in the global communicative space and to facilitate the study of the Russian language by French-speaking students, we propose a modern model of the dictionary description of full, partial and false lexical parallels, as well as interlingual homonyms and interlingual paronyms of Russian and French.
False friends are the result of language interference on a lexical level. They have been studied in various language combinations and from various aspects, often resulting in different ...classifications and subtypes. The paper highlights the issues related to false friends from English and French into Latvian in the interpreting scene and considers the current lexical and semantic processes in the Latvian language. Research shows that the number of deceptive loans in Latvian has increased considerably during this century. The diachronic change of false friends may reflect the need for updated lexicographic resources on false friends, since they are an important tool for distinguishing them. However, false friends also exist on an idiomatic level. The discourse on false friends has been assessed through an analysis of a survey that was delivered to Latvian interpreters working in European Union institutions and in the Latvian local market. The study and conclusions may be of interest to linguists, interpreters and translators as well as language teachers and learners.
In modern production environments, advanced and intelligent process monitoring strategies are required to enable an unambiguous diagnosis of the process situation and thus of the final component ...quality. In addition, the ability to recognize the current state of product quality in real-time is an important prerequisite for autonomous and self-improving manufacturing systems. To address these needs, this study investigates a novel ensemble deep learning architecture based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), gated recurrent units (GRU) combined with high-performance classification algorithms such as k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and support vector machines (SVM). The architecture uses spatio-temporal features extracted from infrared image sequences to locate critical welding defects including lack of fusion (false friends), sagging, lack of penetration, and geometric deviations of the weld seam. In order to evaluate the proposed architecture, this study investigates a comprehensive scheme based on classical machine learning methods using manual feature extraction and state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms. Optimal hyperparameters for each algorithm are determined by an extensive grid search. Additional work is conducted to investigate the significance of various geometrical, statistical and spatio-temporal features extracted from the keyhole and weld pool regions. The proposed method is finally validated on previously unknown welding trials, achieving the highest detection rates and the most robust weld defect recognition among all classification methods investigated in this work. Ultimately, the ensemble deep neural network is implemented and optimized to operate on low-power embedded computing devices with low latency (1.1 ms), demonstrating sufficient performance for real-time applications.
The English language has enriched Italian with numerous words and expressions that complement existing Italian lexis. Many linguists perceive the extent of English influence as a potentially ...overwhelming and dangerous tendency. However, the percentage of English lexis in Italian remains relatively low if compared to the language’s overall structure and is noticeable mostly in the sphere of politics, pop culture, mass media, journalism, sport and tourism. Borrowing is regarded as one of the major means of enriching language vocabulary that often engulfs foreign elements in its structural patterns. The adaptation process incorporates the borrowed structure as a natural part of the borrowing language. This study attempts to examine and exemplify in chronological order the progressive development of such an influence demonstrating modifications and nomenclature of English loanwords in the qualitative and quantitative aspects. The key findings are exemplified by contemporary tourist terminology.
Tässä artikkelissa kuvataan niitä strategioita, joita vironkieliset käyttävät ratkoessaan sukukielisten idiomien merkityksiä. Tarkastelun kohteena on kyselytutkimuksen avulla kerätty aineisto. ...Kyselytutkimukseen osallistui kaksi ryhmää, opiskelijoiden ja heitä vanhempien vastaajien ryhmä. Molemmat ryhmät tulkitsivat 20 eri-ikäisen figuratiivisen sanonnan sisältöä. Niistä osa on lainattu eri kielistä, osa on alkuperältään suomalaisia. Analyysin kohteena ovat tulkinnoissa hyödynnetyt päättelyprosessit. Tarkoituksena on selvittää muun muassa, miten idiomikonstituentit ohjaavat sanontojen tulkintaa, millainen osuus ensyklopedisella tiedolla on siihen ja miten vähittäinen irtautuminen avainsanan konkretiasta vaikuttaa merkityksen etsintään. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan myös niitä käsityksiä sanonnan sisällöstä, jotka eivät nojaudu sanonnan yksittäisiin lekseemeihin ja ovat siten holistisempia ja korkealla abstraktiotasolla. Lisäksi pyritään löytämään vastaus seuraavaan kysymykseen: onko kielten läheisellä sukulaisuudella vaikutusta idiomien ymmärtämiseen? Tulokset osoittavat muun muassa sen, että vironkieliset tunnistavat suomalaisia idiomeja melko hyvin ja että käytössä on lukuisia päättelystrategioita. Jos virolainen sanonta muistutti vähän etäisemminkin suomalaista, tutkimuksen osallistujat uskoivat myös merkityksen olevan identtinen. Samankaltaisuus saattaa kuitenkin olla harhaanjohtavaa: “petollisia ystäviä” (engl. false friends) löytyy paitsi sanojen myös idiomien tasolla.
U radu se govori o mogućoj metodologiji istraživanja lažnih prijatelja između
odabranih mjesnih govora kajkavskog narječja (i između onih koji pripadaju
istom dijalektu i između onih iz različitih ...dijalekata). Budući da se često radi o
bitno različitim fonološkim sustavima, vrlo je važno utvrditi realne parametre
u definiranju fonoloških kompromisa između mogućih parova lažnih prijatelja,
tj. koje se fonološke razlike između dvaju uspoređivanih sustava mogu zanemariti,
a da slične riječi dobiju takav status. Propituje se i sinkronijski pristup u
istraživanju lažnih prijatelja jer često nije lako utvrditi radi li se o starijem značenju
ili semantičkoj prilagodbi novijeg datuma koja je nastala zbog utjecaja
hrvatskog standardnog jezika i potrebe da se imenuju i suvremene realije. Na
temelju skupljene građe analiziraju se razlozi nastanka parova lažnih prijatelja.
Ukratko se prikazuje i suvremena podjela parova lažnih prijatelja njemačke
lingvistice Annette Kroschewski.
В статье рассматриваются вопросы и проблематика переводимости англоязычных лексических единиц с ложной эквивалентностью, приводится их классификация и типологизация на основании источника или причин ...их возникновения. Актуальность исследования обусловлена постоянным расширением межкультурной коммуникации, деловых контактов, появлением инновационных технологий, которые диктуют новые переводческие задачи и бросают вызов даже профессиональным переводчикам. Стереотипизация, несоответствие культурных реалий, идиоматической образности, семантических полей, коннотаций приводят к появлению ложной ассоциативности, неточностей или даже грубых ошибок, негативно влияющих на точность при передаче текста на язык перевода. В рамках исследования предлагаются конкретные переводческие стратегии для преодоления ложной эквивалентности.
The foundations of Turkey Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkic languages which have separate writing languages at present, are based on Old Oghuz Turkic. Nevertheless, there were some differences in ...phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic dimensions between the languages spoken/written in Anatolia and Azerbaijan even at that time. These differences played an important role in exposing a branching and development of Old Oghuz Turkish extending from Turkey Turkish on one side to Azerbaijani Turkic on the other. The dialect properties of Azerbaijani Turkish, which was formerly a sub- dialects of Old Oghuz Turkic, is concretized and spread in time and the Azerbaijani Turkish became a separate writing language.The words which have the same vocalization / writing among the dialects of a language are called lexical pseudo equivalents or false friends. These false friends can also be used as a criterion to determine the date of the formation of an accent. Because the meaning differences of a word with the same vocalization / writing at different Turkish accents, makes it easier to determine which accent the text being searched belongs to. In this study, false friends between the Azerbaijani Turkic in Tezkire-i Sheikh Safi, which Neshati translated into Azerbaijan in the XVI. century from the book “Safvetu's-Safa” written by Ibn Bezzaz in Persian, and the historical periods of Turkey Turkish, was identified and determined.Then the types of detected words and their origins are indicated. Also, examples of the usage of these words at the manuscript are also shown. The facts that the false-equivalents between Azerbaijani Turkish and Turkey Turkish, which is the closest dialect to it, are also found in Tezkire-i Sheikh Safi, a work translated into Turkish at the Azerbaijan area in the XVI. century, and that most of them are used with the meaning in Azerbaijan Turkish are very important for the efforts to determine the history of the dialect formation of the Azerbaijan Turkish.
In this study we explored factors that determine the knowledge of L2 words with orthographic neighbours in L1 (cognates and false cognates). We asked 150 Polish learners of English to translate 105 ...English non-cognate words, cognates, and false-cognates into Polish, and to assess the confidence of each translation. Confidence ratings allows us to employ a novel analytic procedure which disentangles knowing cognates and false cognates from strategic guessing. Mixed-effects logistic regression models revealed that cognates were known better, whereas false cognates were known worse, relative to non-cognate controls. The advantage of knowing cognates, but not false cognates, was modulated by the degree of similarity to their L1 equivalents. The knowledge of cognates and false cognates was not affected by the frequency of their formal equivalent in L1. Based on these findings we conclude how cross-linguistic formal similarity affects L2 word learnability, proposing a mechanism by which cognates and false cognates are acquired.
Research into figurative language identifies variables such as familiarity, transparency, decomposability and motivation, all of which play an important role in how native and non-native speakers ...learn, process and understand figurative phrases. However, these variables are not always defined and operationalised in the same way, and are often treated as independent. We discuss these factors as they relate to the judgements that language users make, and as they relate to the ability to correctly infer meaning in a range of familiar and unfamiliar idioms, and novel metaphors. In a rating study, we show that familiarity has a clear effect on perceptions of transparency. For less familiar idioms, judgments of decomposability after the meaning became known were strongly affected by whether or not speakers were correct in guessing the meaning. We also saw clear cross-language effects, whereby idioms that exist in the L1 for non-native speakers were seen as more familiar, more transparent and were better identified. We discuss how these factors contribute at different stages to allow speakers to make sense of both familiar and unfamiliar figurative phrases.
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