The inherent flammability of timber rises the concern of society about the stability and firmnessof timber materials when exposed to fire. This study illustrated the fire resistance properties ...oflow-density Neolamarckia cadamba timber to evaluate its charred area (CA), charred depth (CD),mass loss rate (MLR), and charring rate (CR). Three different burning durations – 60, 90, and120 min – were subjected to the timber test pieces following the NIST PS1-09 2010 standard.The CA and CD of the test pieces were measured using ImageJ before the determination ofMLR and CR. N. cadamba showed a statistically significant difference on the top CA (14040.56mm2) at 90 min compared to its side CA (1957.93 mm2). CD remained statistically unchangedfor three burning durations. Top CA increased gradually with burning durations. Side CA andCD, however, were reduced to 1957.93 and 17.84 mm2, respectively, for 90 min, before beingincreased back to 120 min. For CR and MLR, a gradual dropped in trend can be seen in theburning durations. Significant differences were detected when comparing the CR (0.30 mm/min) at 60 min with that in 90 min (0.20 mm/min), whereas the MLR was 2.15 g/m2s at 60 minwith 1.42 g/m2s at 120 min. Generally, top CA, side CA, and CD showed an increased trend inthe area and depth value. whereas CR and MLR showed the opposite.
The basic problems of the theory such as principle of assigning classes of fire resistance, reliability issues, alternative approach to calculation methods, mathematical models of concrete and ...reinforcement deformation diagram, numerical modelling techniques, temperature analysis and calculation of mechanical work of structural system in fire conditions have been considered. It is revealed that the real practical problem is the lack of professional training of civil engineers in Ukraine and abroad.
•Preparation of non-toxic, lightweight and fire-resistant EMI shielding aerogel.•Such aerogels are fabricated by freeze-drying method.•High SSE/t value (5729 dB cm2 g−1) exceeds many other reported ...porous materials.
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Rapid growing of electronics has not only caused severe electromagnetic wave pollution, but also created a risk of fire and explosion. Therefore, developing ultralight, fire-resistant, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are imperative but also challenging. Considering the outstanding metallic conductivity and high aspect ratio, 2D Ti3C2Tx has been reported to be one of the most promising candidates for exhibiting excellent EMI shielding performance. Herein, we demonstrate a facile method to fabricate cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/Ti3C2Tx composite aerogels via a simple freeze-drying method. The resultant CNF/APP/Ti3C2Tx composite aerogels exhibited excellent fire-resistance without obvious shrinkage when placed over the flame of an alcohol burner. Besides, the 8-mm-thick composite aerogel with 60% of Ti3C2Tx showed an average EMI shielding effectiveness of 55 dB (specific EMI shielding effectiveness/thickness could be ~5729 dB cm2 g−1) with an absorption-dominant mechanism. This performance is owing to the relative high electrical conductivity (12 S/m) and multiple reflections from the porous structure. These characteristics make the composite aerogel a much more competitive product for a high-performance EMI shielding material.
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•Phosphorus-containing metal complexes (CePn) tunable morphologies are synthesized.•The addition of 4 wt% of CePn reduces the peak heat release rate of the PC by 46%.•A desired ...UL-94 V-0 rating and a LOI value of 27.3% are achieved.•The PC/CePn-4.0 maintains a high transparency of 90.1%.•The PC/CePn-4.0 exhibits superior thermostability to previous counterparts.
It has been desirable to create flame retardant, transparent polycarbonate (PC) materials while retaining high thermostability and mechanical strength to meet its practical applications in the electrical, optical lighting, automobile and mobile fields. Unfortunately, current flame retardants offer satisfactory flame retardancy at the expense of other properties because of improper designs. For this reason, it has remained a grand challenge to achieve an integrated performance portfolio. Herein, we report rod-like phosphorus-containing metal complex aggregates (CePn) by one-step solvothermal method. The results show that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR) of the bulk PC are respectively reduced by 46% and 26% in the addition of 4 wt% of CePn, in addition to a desired UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.3% because of dual-phase flame retardant mechanisms of CePn. Moreover, the final PC maintains a high transparency of 90.1% and a comparable tensile strength to the bulk PC. Moreover, the final PC composite shows enhanced thermal stability noticeably which is superior to that of any other reported systems. This work offers an innovative methodology for the design of flame retardants with tunable aggregated morphologies, and the creation of high-performance PC composites combining exceptional flame retardancy, transparency, thermostability and mechanical strength.
With the prevailing energy challenges and the rapid development of aerospace engineering, high-performance thermal insulators with various functions are attracting more and more attention. Ceramic ...aerogels are promising candidates for thermal insulators to be applied in harsh environments because of their low thermal conductivity and simultaneously excellent thermal and chemical stabilities. In general, the effective properties of this class of materials depend on both their microstructures and the intrinsic properties of their building blocks. Herein, to enrich the family and broaden the application fields of this class of materials, we prepared ultralight α-Si
N
nanobelt aerogels (NBAs) with tunable densities ranging from 1.8 to 9.6 mg cm
. The α-Si
N
NBA realized resilient compressibility (with a recoverable strain of 40-80%), fire resistance (1200 °C butane blow torch), thermal insulation (0.029 W m
K
), and electronic wave transparency (a dielectric constant of 1-1.04 and a dielectric loss of 0.001-0.004) in one material, which makes it a promising candidate for mechanical energy dissipative, fire-resistant, and electronic wave-transparent thermal insulator to be applied in extreme conditions. The successful preparation of such resilient and multifunctional α-Si
N
NBAs will open up a new world for the development and widespread applications of ceramic aerogels.
•The bonding performance of geopolymer paste after exposure to elevated temperatures was quantified.•The thermal behavior of geopolymer paste at fire conditions was evaluated.•The mass loss in ...geopolymer samples induced by elevated temperatures was evaluated.•Microstructural changes for the geopolymer specimens after heating treatment was investigated.
Geopolymers are generally agreed to provide good steel-to-concrete bonding performance and fire resistance. However, few previous studies on geopolymer investigated the steel-to-concrete bonding behavior and fire-resistance at very high temperatures (>800 °C), hence cannot reveal the damage of a severe fire accident. This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study carried out to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on the thermal-physical behaviors and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer paste. After being exposed up to 1200 °C according to the RATB fire curve, the damage stages of geopolymer paste (GPC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were investigated through the unconfined compressive strength test, push-out test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Based on the results and existing literature, there was a less mass loss and a better compressive strength for GPC paste after the treatment, which led to a better bonding behavior of GPC compared with OPC paste. In addition, a positive linear relationship between the bond strength and the compressive strength was found for both GPC and OPC. Furthermore, the stable properties of phases change and porous micro-structure in GPC identified by SEM and XRD methods were important for a better bond behavior at elevated temperatures. Thus, the GPC offers a feasible alternative to OPC in practical fire-resistant building applications.
Abstract
One of the most significant disadvantages of wood materials is increased combustibility. Therefore, the problem of reducing the combustibility of wood materials is relevant. The article ...describes an experimental study of impregnation of wood using biopiren MIG-09, which is a hybrid composition on a salt basis with the addition of functional substances of non-salt nature, at different temperature regimes. Two stages of the study were chosen for the experiment. The optimum temperature regimes for different methods of applying the composition to increase the fire resistance of wood were established experimentally. Also fire tests were carried out to analyze the degree of penetration of the solution.
The boundaries between phthalocyanine synthesis and combustion chemistry were broken through to achieve molecular fireproofing via in situ phthalocyanine (Pcs) synthesis during combustion. ...Furthermore in situ Pcs chemistry achieves a flame-retarding organic thermoplastic polymer, showing state-of-the-art fire-safety performance and an ultra-low fire hazard.
•Durability of UHPC is reviewed and compared to CC and HPC.•Chloride ion diffusion coefficient of UHPC is at least one order of magnitude lower than that of CC or HPC.•UHPC exhibits high ability to ...resist water, chemical ions, and CO2 penetrations.•Fiber hybridization of steel and polypropylene fibers is effective in preventing explosive spalling of UHPC.
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is more durable than conventional concrete (CC) and high-performance concrete (HPC) owing to the use of low water-to-binder ratio (W/B) of approximately 0.2 and high amount of fine particles. It is an innovative composite material that can serve as a potential candidate for concrete structures exposing to aggressive environments. A comprehensive investigation of the durability characteristics of UHPC is essential to provide fundamental information for material testing requirements and procedures and expand its practical applications. This paper reviews the durability of UHPC in terms of water and chloride-ion permeability, corrosion of steel reinforcement, carbonation, freeze–thaw resistance, chemical attack resistance, alkali-silica reaction, abrasion resistance, and fire resistance. Influential factors, including W/B, curing regime, steel fiber volume, fiber hybridization, specimen size, and testing age, were considered. It is obvious that: (1) UHPC has very low permeability to water and chemical substance, which is about one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of CC and HPC; (2) Carbonation rarely happens on UHPC, either under standard curing or heat curing, after 1 to 3 years exposure. (3) Corrosion of steel reinforcement and alkali-silica reaction are not concerns for UHPC under any curing regime due to its low permeability. (4) UHPC is found to gain increases in mass, strength, and relative dynamic modulus over hundreds of freeze–thaw cycles. (5) Compared to CC and HPC, UHPC is more prone to explosive spalling due to the increase in vapor pressure and non-uniform thermal gradient. Partly or completely filled micro-cracks by carbonation and/or continued hydration of cement are beneficial to improving the mechanical strength and microstructure of UHPC. Hybridization of steel and polypropylene fibers is an efficient approach to mitigate the explosive spalling of UHPC.
The limitations of wood, such as its uniform timber colour, tendency to absorb moisture, and flammability, restrict its use in various construction and furniture-making contexts. To achieve ...high-value utilisation, this paper synergised chitosan and PDMS deposition with hydrophobic silica sols to prepare multifunctional poplar wood (DS-wood) with superhydrophobicity, flame retardancy, and staining properties. DS-wood exhibits a water contact angle (WCA) of up to 152°, making it superhydrophobic with good surface chemistry. The suitability of the superhydrophobic surface for different pH levels has been demonstrated. Compared to flame retardant (ADP) dyed (Acid Red 3 R) wood (control), the construction of a multilayer surface creates a stable barrier layer on the wood surface. This prevents contact between the outside world and the flame retardant and stain, resulting in a 39.56 % reduction in hygroscopicity and a 423.02 % increase in leaching resistance, and color fastness to washing was enhanced with an absorbance of 0.25. Furthermore, the material exhibited outstanding flame retardant and smoke suppression properties. The smoke density MSD and SDR were reduced by 25.85 % and 20.80 %, respectively, reduced the peak smoke rate of the material (0.009 m2/s). This approach presents a novel strategy for the implementation of multilayer interfacial modification and wood surface protection, which holds significant potential for eco-friendly building and decorative applications.
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•Stains and flame retardants can enhance the colour and flame resistance of fast-growing poplar wood.•Chitosan improves colour fixation in flame retardant dyed wood.•The superhydrophobicity of flame retardant dyed wood is achieved through the interaction between PDMS and Si-sol.•Improving Chipping Resistance of Flame Retardant Dyed Wood through the Interaction of Chitosan, PDMS, and Si-sol.
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