Fish farming represents a strong link in the value chain of food distribution over the world. There are different types of farms like RAS, continuously water alimented pounds, lake, maritime, etc. ...The self-cleaning water capability of a tank system is the key factor in describing RAS (recirculating aquaculture system) systems. This factor is crucial for the survival of farmed fish in urban aquaculture systems. The aim of this paper consists in describing the design and the functionality of a smart electronic system, capable of monitoring water quality parameters, in order to monitor the fish tanks’ environment and making decisions about undesirable events that may affect them. If unpleasant events occur, such as the parameter’s level no longer falls within the preseted limits, an alarm is set to warn the user. Automatization of the system will be conceived to close the power and/or water supply circuit in case there was no human intervention within a certain period of time in the fish tanks. This paper is based on the ongoing research of the iPREMAS aquaculture project. The system from the iPREMAS project contains sensors for monitoring the essential water quality parameters for the growth, reproduction and qualitative and quantitative improvement of fish population, such as pH level, water temperature, dissolved oxygen level, water salinity, water level, conductivity and will be improved with sensors to monitor the level of nitrates and nitrites. The sensors are to be connected to a special designed electronic module and will transmit the information to an electronic control module based on a development kit containing a microcontroller for the automatization of the system. A database is used to store the data and a software application is used to visualize the data transmitted by the sensors that will communicate with the database and display the values in real time.
In this study, novel methods were tested to culture the collagen-rich sponge
Nardo, 1847 (Demospongiae, Chondrosiida, Chondrosiidae) in the proximity of floating fish cages. In a trial series, ...survival and growth of cultured explants were monitored near a polluted fish farm and a pristine control site. Attachment methods, plate materials, and plate orientation were compared. In a first trial, chicken wire-covered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was found to be the most suitable substrate for
(100% survival). During a second trial, survival on chicken wire-covered PVC, after six months, was 79% and 63% for polluted and pristine environments, respectively. Net growth was obtained only on culture plates that were oriented away from direct sunlight (39% increase in six months), whereas sponges decreased in size when sun-exposed. Chicken wire caused pressure on explants and it resulted in unwanted epibiont growth and was therefore considered to be unsuitable for long-term culture. In a final trial, sponges were glued to PVC plates and cultured for 13 months oriented away from direct sunlight. Both survival and growth were higher at the polluted site (86% survival and 170% growth) than at the pristine site (39% survival and 79% growth). These results represent a first successful step towards production of sponge collagen in integrated aquacultures.
Collagen is the main fibrous structural protein in the extracellular matrix and connective tissue of animals. It is a primary building block of bones, tendons, skin, hair, cartilage, and all joints ...in the body. It is also considered a "glue" that holds the body together. Collagen production begins to slow down, and cell structures start losing their strength as we become older. Collagen supplementation is a vital way to help our body revive itself and stay youthful. Recently, collagen-based biomedical materials have developed important and clinically effective materials that have become widely acceptable. However, collagen extraction from land animal sources is complex, time consuming, and expensive. Hence, marine sources have started to be researched and have been found to be the most convenient and safest sources for obtaining collagen. Another reason for favouring these sources is due to concerns over adverse inflammatory and immunologic responses and the prevalence of various diseases among land animals that can cause health complications.Marine sources also have plenty of advantages over land animal sources: (1) a high collagen content; (2) environmentally friendly; (3) the presence of biological contaminants and toxins is almost negligible; (4) a low inflammatory response; (5) greater absorption due to their low molecular weight; (6) less significant religious and ethical constraints; (7) minor regulatory and quality control problems; (8) metabolic compatibility, among others. This huge source of marine collagen is expected to make a great contribution to marine biotechnology products and medical applications.
Une étude a été menée dans 5 fermes piscicoles du sud de la Côte d’Ivoire en vue de contribuer à la connaissance des Chironomidae. L’échantillonnage a été effectué tous les mois de Décembre 2007 à ...Novembre 2008. Dans chaque ferme, 3 étangs ont été choisi au hasard. Dans chaque étang, 6 échantillons de sédiment ont été prélevés à l’aide d’une benne Van Veen. Les variables environnementales telles que la transparence, température, le pH, l’oxygène dissouset la conductivité ont été mesurées in situ. Les six échantillons de sédiment ont été mélangés pour constituer un seul échantillon de chaque étang. Au total 11 taxons appartenant à 3 sous-familles (Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae) ont été identifiées. La faune Chironomidiènne est quantitativement et qualitativement dominée par les Chironominae. Nilodorum fractilobus, Chironomus imicola, Stictochironomus sp. et Tanypus fuscus sont les taxons les plus abondants. Les valeurs de l’indice de diversité de Shannon-Wiener et de l’équitabilité ont été enregistrées à la station d’Anyama II. Une analyse canonique a été effectuée pour montrer l’influence des paramètres environnementaux sur la distribution des taxons. Les Chironomidae peuvent être utilisés en tant que potentiel instrument d’une prochaine étude écologique dans les écosystèmes aquatiques ivoiriens.
The aims of this study were to contribute to the knowledge of Chironomidae. Monthly samplings have been conducted from December 2007 to November 2008in five fish farms (Layo, Banco, Azaguié, Anyama I and Anyama II) in southern Ivory Coast. In each farm, sediments were collected in three ponds using a Van Veen grab. In each pond, environmental variables such as transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were measured in situ. Samples were taken in six replicates which were pooled to constitute a sample for each pond. A total of 11 taxa belonging to 3 subfamilies (Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae) were recorded. Chironomid fauna is clearly dominated quantitatively and qualitatively by Chironominae. Nilodorum fractilobus, Chironomus imicola, Stictochironomus sp.and Tanypus fuscus were the most abundant taxa within the Chironomid assemblage. Anyama II station recorded the maximum values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index and evenness. Chironomid community structure was visualized using Canonical Correspondence Analysis to show the affinities of each specie for selected environmental parameters. Chironomidae can be used as a potential instrument in future ecology studies in Ivorian aquatic ecosystems.
► We model the inflow rates to semi-intensive aquaculture ponds. ► We evaluated two classical and two heuristic modeling techniques. ► Heuristic models provided the best fits using turbidity and ...dissolved oxygen as input variables. ► These models proved to be useful tools for the development of policies on water exchange management.
Several linear and non-linear models for centralized remote-control systems that can support decision making of semi-intensive aquaculturists concerning the inflow rates to the ponds were evaluated. These models were: multiple linear regressions (MLRs), generalized additive models (GAMs), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). These modeling techniques were applied in a semi-intensive gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fishfarm located in southern Spain. The water temperature, ammonia concentration, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration in the ponds were measured and used as independent variables. Of all the approaches employed to simulate the actual water exchange operation in the ponds, the best fits were obtained using ANN and FLC models with only three input variables (turbidity measured at the input of the ponds and dissolved oxygen measured at the input and output of the ponds). These models provided levels of correlation between 0.73 and 0.75. In contrast, the best GAM and MLR models provided correlation coefficients of only 0.38 and 0.33, respectively. In spite of the results being statistically significant, the explained variance levels obtained indicate how difficult it is to capture the experience and knowledge of the aquaculturist concerning the operation of the water exchange in the ponds for maintaining the water quality in these production systems.
Structure analysis was performed on the antibiotic-resistance-gene region of conjugative plasmids of four fish farm bacteria.The kanamycin resistance gene, IS26, and tetracycline resistance gene ...(tetA(D)) were flanked by two IS26s in opposite orientation in Citrobacter sp. TA3 and TA6, and Alteromonas sp. TA55 from fish farm A. IS26-Inner was disrupted with ISRSB101. The chloramphenicol resistance gene, IS26 and tetA (D) were flanked by two IS26s in direct orientation in Salmonella sp. TC67 from farm C. Structures of tetA (D) and IS26 were identical among the four bacteria, but there was no insertion within the IS26-Inner of Salmonella sp. TC67. Horizontal gene transfer between the strains of two different genera in fish farm A was suggested by the structure homologies of mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes.
This study demonstrates how land-use characteristics influence stream water chemistry in a Korean watershed and how stream conditions and in-lake point sources determine trophic state, algal biomass ...and phytoplankton composition. Measurements of nutrient loads showed that 68% of total phosphorus (TP) loads was originated from the watershed and the remaining 32% came directly from in-lake fish farms. Based on mass balance models, annual areal phosphorus (L sub(p)) and water loading (q sub(s)) were 1.032 g m super(-2) and 25 m super(3) m super(-2) yr super(-1), respectively, and the total annual P-input exceeded dangerous loading levels according to Vollenweider's classification (1976). In situ Nutrient Stimulation Bioassays (NSB), Trophic State Index (TSI), and mass N:P ratios showed that phosphorus was the primary element regulating algal chlorophyll in the system, and non-algal turbidity and zooplankton effects on algal growth were minor. A high regressioncoefficient in the empirical relationship between chlorophyll (Chl) and TP supported the evidence of strong P-limitation, and model comparisons suggested that our observed Chl values were largely underestimated in models developed for world-wide lakes. Direct P-input to the trophogenic zone from the in-lake fishfarms and streams with intense human-use resulted in massive bluegreen algal blooms, indicating that the highly available input fraction may explain the deviation. Under the circumstances, reduction in P-loading is an essential measure for long-term eutrophication control in this system.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antimicrobial tolerance and taxonomic diversity among the culturable oxytetracycline-resistant (Ot
r) heterotrophic bacterial ...population in two Belgian aquatic sites receiving wastewater either from human medicine or from aquaculture. The study of Ot
r heterotrophs and mesophilic
Aeromonas spp. allowed comparison of tolerance data at the intergenus as well as at the intragenus level. In total, 354 independently obtained Ot
r isolates were subjected to antimicrobial tolerance testing and identified by GLC analysis of their cellular fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), by API 20E profiling and/or by Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (FAFLP) DNA fingerprinting. In general, Ot
r hospital heterotrophs displayed a higher frequency (84%) of ampicillin (Amp) tolerance compared to the Ot
r heterotrophs from the freshwater fishfarm site (22%). FAME results indicated that this effect was linked to the predominance of intrinsically ampicillin-resistant Ot
r
Aeromonas strains over representatives of
Acinetobacter and
Escherichia coli within the hospital strain set. Among the Ot
r mesophilic
Aeromonas strain set, the global tolerance profiles of the two sites only differed in a higher number of kanamycin (Kan) -tolerant strains (43%) for hospital aeromonads in comparison with the fishfarm aeromonads (8%). To some extent, this finding was correlated with the specific presence of
Aeromonas caviae DNA hybridisation group (HG) 4. Collectively, these results suggest that the profiles for Amp and Kan tolerance observed in both sites arose from taxonomic differences in the culturable Ot
r bacterial population at the generic or subgeneric level. In addition, our identification data also revealed that
Enterobacter sp.,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and
A. veronii biovar sobria HG8 may be considered potential indicator organisms to assess microbial tolerance in various compartments of the aquatic environment.
In this paper we have designed, developed and proposed a prototype Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) System to monitor the Fish Farm. Salinity of the fresh water is a prominent parameter and ...isresponsible for the difference in environment from marine conditions. Salt is an effective ingredient for fishes in fighting disease, parasites and chemical poisoning. The pH is equally a key parameter which influences the environment where fishes live. Generally, the fishes can live in pH ranges from 6.0 to 9.0, but their quality of life is best between pH 7.0 to 8.0. The change in the value of pH even by a small amount will be more stressful for fish. The temperature is other parameter which decides the value of pHand in turn affects the fishes. The developed prototype WSN system monitors these three parameters affecting the fresh water fishes. The open source technology-ARDUINO (open electronics prototype andopen source) is used to develop the system.
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