Objective: Due to the fact that there is a global increase in obesity, knowledge about the impact of obesity on the development of a child's foot is of great importance for orthopaedic and paediatric ...physicians with regard to prevention, clinical treatment and management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of body mass on the development of a child's foot based on a foot type classification. Methods: The feet of 1450 boys and 1437 girls aged 2-14 years were measured using a three-dimensional (3D) foot scanner (Pedus, Human Solutions Inc., Germany) in a bipedal upright position. Twelve relevant 3D foot measures were recorded, as well as the children's age, gender, height and mass. Factor analysis of principal components was used to obtain a smaller number of independent and standardized variables. The variables were used for cluster analysis to classify the children's feet. Results: Five foot types were identified: flat, robust, slender, short and long feet. There were significant differences among foot types with respect to the children's body mass index. Normal weight children displayed an almost equal distribution of all foot types throughout childhood. Flat and robust feet were more common in overweight children, whereas underweight children showed more slender and long feet. Conclusion: The influence of excess, as well as deficient mass could be verified for the comprehensive foot morphology based on a foot type classification. Subsequently, foot discomfort as a result of various musculoskeletal disorders may develop. In turn, this might keep the children from being active and therefore reinforce the risk of developing obesity. However, there is still a lack of information regarding these relationships, which needs to be determined. This knowledge may help prevent orthopaedic foot problems and injuries.
Prolonged running has been popularized globally in recent decades. This study was aimed to reveal information about foot morphology, shoe comfort and plantar loading among recreational heel-strike ...runners.
Twenty-six runners participated in foot morphology, perceived scores and peak pressure tests after 10- and 20-km track running. The foot morphology was measured using a 3D foot scanner, perceived scores were recorded using a visual analogue scale and plantar pressure was measured via insole plantar pressure measurement system. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.
The heel midsole materials properties were measured before and after 20 km. Significant changes were observed in ball width and girth, arch height and foot volume. The perceived scores showed significance in overall, forefoot and heel comfort, arch support and forefoot width. Peak pressure to the heel, medial mid-foot and metatarsal greatly increased. The first metatarsal showed consecutive increase from static to 10 km, and 20 km, while big-toe showed a decrease.
The morphology variations and forefoot loading concentration may lead to discomfort and possibly imply dermatological problems and metatarsal bone stress, particularly on the first metatarsal. Combining changes of heel midsole property, knowledge of foot shape, shoe perception and plantar pressure is of great value for recreational long-distance running shoes design and materials selection.
In this paper, a new method was proposed to establish the relationship between three-dimensional (3D) foot shapes and their two-dimensional (2D) foot silhouettes, through which a complete 3D foot ...shape can be predicted by simply inputting its two 2D silhouettes. 3D foot scans of 80 participants were randomly selected as the training set, and those of another 20 participants were used as the testing set. Elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were adopted to parameterize the 3D foot shapes. A linear regressive model was then developed to predict the 3D foot shape with the foot silhouettes. Experiment results indicated individual 3D foot shape can be predicted with a mean error between 1.21 and 1.27 mm, which can provide enough accuracy for the fit evaluation of footwear.
The article presents a comparative characteristic of the posture and foot shape of the primary school age children involved in various sports groups with children employed only in physical education ...according to the school curriculum. The aim is to substantiate the effect of taekwondo training on the musculoskeletal system of the junior students. Objective: To investigate visually the correct posture and foot shape of the primary school age children; to identify and assess posture and foot shape of the junior students by calculating brachial index and foot shape index; to make a comparative analysis of posture and foot indices of the students prior to and after the educational experiment as well as of the children involved during the experiment only in the physical education according to the school curriculum, in sports groups in basketball and taekwondo. To achieve these objectives we used the following methods: theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological sources; educational experiment; methods of somatoscopy and somatometry, methods of mathematical processing. Material: 70 primary school age students participated in the study, including 23 girls and 47 boys. For seven months, 43 children in addition to physical education classes were involved in the extra-curricular sports groups: 17 boys - in the basketball group, 12 girls and 14 boys - in the taekwondo group. Results: Efficiency of applying this martial art as health-improving means was proved in the course of the study on the basis of studying the effect of taekwondo training on the formation of correct posture and foot shape of the primary school age children. Conclusion: It was proved that through special means used in taekwondo the number of children involved in the recreational taekwondo group with normal posture and normal foot shape is much bigger than the children involved in the basketball group and those not involved in the sports groups at all. A large percentage of children with normal posture among students involved in the taekwondo sports group can be explained by the specificity of the sport.
The
objective of this study was to examine the three-dimensional foot shape data
and determine foot type’s distribution among Chinese children and adolescents.
A total of sixteen three-dimensional ...foot shape variables of 5
,
069 Chinese children were measured
through filming,
including 3 girth-related variables, 3 length-related variables, 2
width-related variables, and 8 height-related variables. Cluster analysis was
performed to classify these three-dimensional feet data of Chinese children and
adolescents into three identified foot types, namely Robust Feet, Slender Feet,
and Flat Feet, which differed in terms of length, volume, and arch height. The
distribution of the threefoot types varied across the different foot length
groups. The foot types classification may be used in the design of shoe lasts
and in the comfortable footwear manufacturing to minimize error fitting.
The purpose of this study was to develop a shoe sizing system for elderly men in Korea based on previous studies which analyzed aspects and shapes of the sole of those who aged 60 years or more. The ...sizing system creation process included natural log-transformation, principle component analysis, multivariate linear regression, size range determination, and measurements calculation. Measurement interval was set up based on Korea standard (KS). Cross analysis was conducted for basic items to select an interval which indicated frequency of more than 5% by type. A measurement system was then established by type. As results of this study, a shoe sizing system was developed with an interval of 5 mm for foot length, an interval of 3 mm for the circumference of the top of the foot, and an interval of 6 mm for the circumference of the top of the foot within the same foot length standard. To reflect characteristics by type, respective shoe sizing systems in accordance with type were developed. 12 types of shoe sizing systems were suggested for elderly men. Our results indicate that shoe sizing system for elderly men by foot type could improve the suitability of shoes. They could give wider range of shoe sizes and high satisfaction. They can help shoe makers produce shoes with various purposes and functions for seniors.
Highlights • 10 subjects have been assessed during walking with a dynamic foot scanner. • A method for foot roll-over evaluation was presented and applied on collected data. • Reliability was tested ...on some computed variables. • The potential relevance of this method was discussed regarding pathological gait.
For this study, we compared the effectiveness of different design insoles for redistributing pressure during walking for diabetic patients and for normal control subjects. Comparisons of dynamic ...plantar foot pressure patterns were made with different support, including shoe-only, flat insole, and three contoured insoles. We custom-molded the three contoured insoles by casting the plantar surface of the foot under the conditions of non-weight-bearing, semi-weight-bearing, and full-weight-bearing. With the F-Scan in-shoe system, the interfacial pressure distribution during walking with different plantar supports was measured at 50 Hz for 10 s. The use of insoles could significantly reduce local peak pressure and pressure-time integral and increase the contact area. Contoured insoles were significantly better than flat insoles with regard to the insole functions in reducing local peak pressures. The insole with the semi-weight-bearing foot shape can offer the greatest peak pressure reduction compared to other insole designs, especially for patients with peak pressure located at the second to third metatarsal heads.
In this study, to analyze the influence of the cross-sectional shape of a rigid foot on
its sinking performance in soft soil, a numerical model of the subsidence of a single leg
was built using the ...arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method in ABAQUS to describe the
interaction between the foot and soil. After performing a simulation of circular, annular,
X-shaped, and improved X-shaped feet, all with the same cross-sectional area, the end
resistance, side resistance, and distribution of contact pressure along the radial
direction were analyzed. The simulation results showed that the soil arching area caused
by the hole at the bottom of a rigid foot can effectively increase the end resistance and
that the side resistance increases with an increase in the side perimeter. The end
resistance and side resistance of the improved X-shaped robot foot were higher than those
of the X-shaped robot foot during the sinking process. The effects of the improved
geometric parameters of the X-shaped robot foot on its sinkage were analyzed through
orthogonal experiments. The simulation results can provide a reference for the future
structural design and optimization of robot feet working in soft soil environments.
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