One emerging biometric identification method is the use of human footprint. However, in the previous research, there were some limitations resulting from the spatial resolution of sensors. One ...possible method to overcome this limitation is through the use additional information such as dynamic walking information in sequential walking footprint. In this study, we suggest a new person recognition scheme based on both overlapped foot shape and COP (Center Of Pressure) trajectory during one-step walking. And, we show the usefulness of the suggested method, obtaining a 98.6% recognition rate in our experiment with eleven people. In addition, we show an application of the suggested method, automatic door-opening system for intelligent residential space.
In order to monitor pressure under feet, this study presents a biomechanical model of the human foot. The main elements of the foot that induce the plantar pressure distribution are described. Then ...the link between the forces applied at the ankle and the distribution of the plantar pressure is established. Assumptions are made by defining the concepts of a 3D internal foot shape, which can be extracted from the plantar pressure measurements, and a uniform elastic medium, which describes the soft tissues behaviour. In a second part, we show that just 3 discrete pressure sensors per foot are enough to generate real time plantar pressure cartographies in the standing position or during walking. Finally, the generated cartographies are compared with pressure cartographies issued from the F-SCAN system. The results show 0.01 daN (2% of full scale) average error, in the standing position.
One important extrinsic factor that causes foot deformity and pain in women is footwear. Women's sports shoes are designed as smaller versions of men's shoes. Based on this, the current study aims to ...identify foot shape in 1,236 Chinese young adult men and 1,085 Chinese young adult women. Three-dimensional foot shape data were collected through video filming. Nineteen foot shape variables were measured, including girth (4 variables), length (4 variables), width (3 variables), height (7 variables), and angle (1 variable). A comparison of foot measures within the range of the common foot length (FL) categories indicates that women showed significantly smaller values of foot measures in width, height, and girth than men. Three foot types were classified, and distributions of different foot shapes within the same FL were found between women and men. Foot width, medial ball length, ball angle, and instep height showed significant differences among foot types in the same FL for both genders. There were differences in the foot shape between Chinese young women and men, which should be considered in the design of Chinese young adults' sports shoes.
Two methods to generate an individual 3D foot shape from 2D information are proposed. A standard foot shape was first generated and then scaled based on known 2D information. In the first method, the ...foot outline and the foot height were used, and in the second, the foot outline and the foot profile were used. The models were developed using 40 participants and then validated using a different set of 40 participants. Results show that each individual foot shape can be predicted within a mean absolute error of 1.36 mm for the left foot and 1.37 mm for the right foot using the first method, and within a mean absolute error of 1.02 mm for the left foot and 1.02 mm for the right foot using the second method. The second method shows somewhat improved accuracy even though it requires two images. Both the methods are relatively cheaper than using a scanner to determine the 3D foot shape for custom footwear design.
연구배경 구두골은 착화감에 영향을 미치는 주요 요소로 연령에 따라 구두골의 치수에 차이를 두어야 하나 현재는 18세이상의 연령대가 모두 동일하게 설정되어 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 60대여성의 발 형태 유형 및 특성 분석을 통해 60대여성용 구두골 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다.
연구방법 연구분석자료는 제6차 사이즈코리아(2010)의 60세~69세 ...여성 총 199명의 발 관련 3D측정치 24항목과 지수치 28항목의 총 52항목이며 자료의 분석은 SPSS 25.0 for Windows 프로그램을 이용하였다.
연구결과 60대여성의 발직선길이와 발너비는 20대에 비해 작으며 발상측부가 차지하는 비율이 높았으며 발하측부와 중앙부가 높으며 내측볼너비가 넓었다. 요인분석 결과 발수직크기, 발수평크기, 발외측형태, 발하측높이, 발중앙부높이, 발가락측각도의 6요인이 도출되었으며 군집분석 결과 ‘I형의 발하측부가 높은 발’, ‘A형의 발하측부가 높은 발’, ‘H형의 발하측부가 낮은 발’, ‘D형의 발중앙부 높고 발하측부가 낮은 발’로 분류되었으며 가장 높은 분포를 보인 H형의 발하측부가 낮은 발이 60대여성의 대표적 발 형태이다.
결론 60대여성용 구두골의 발뒤꿈치높이를 상향 조정해야 하며 유형별로 구두골의 엄지발가락높이, 앞날개높이, 발뒤꿈치높이 등의 수치를 차등 적용시켜야 할 것이다.
Background Lasts for leather shoes is a major factor that affects the shoes fit, and the size of those should be different depending on age, but currently, all age groups over 18 are set the same. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the development of Lasts for leather shoes for women in their 60s by analyzing the classification and characteristics of the feet of the lasts.
Methods The analysis data was a total of 52 foot-related items, including 24 three-dimensional measurement values and 28 index values for a total of 199 women aged 60 to 69 of the 6th Size Korea. The items were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 statistic program.
Result The length and width of the feet of women in their 60s were smaller, and the proportion of upper the Ball center point was higher than those in their 20s. The heel and the middle part were higher, and the medial Ball width was wider than those in their 20s. As a result of the factor analysis, six factors were derived: vertical foot size, horizontal foot size, outer foot shape, heel height, midfoot height, and toe angle. As a result of the cluster analysis, four factors were derived: 'I-shaped foot with high heel', 'A-shaped foot with high heel', 'H-shaped foot with low heel', and 'D-shaped foot with high midfoot and low heel'. The most common 'H-shaped foot with low heel' for women in their 60s is the representative foot shape for them.
Conclusion The heel height of the Lasts for leather shoes for women in their 60s should be adjusted upward, and values such as the big toe height, forewing height, and heel height of those should be applied differentially by type.
The production of custom tailored product is widely required in the manufacturing industry nowadays. This paper proposes a new method for designing custom shoe last. In this method, a consumer ...preferred last form is selected as the base form. By calculating the difference between the base form and scanned foot data from the consumer, a distance map is obtained to indicate how well the selected shoe last fits the specific foot shape and to guide the deformation. An amendment map is set up offline based on the experience information from experienced last maker to cater for last design regulations; it can also incorporate the function of preserving original last style by keeping the original last shape on specific regions such as 'toe cap'. The base last form is then deformed by minimizing the SSD of a designed equation, to fit the particular foot shape according to the distance map and amendment map, with the minimal change of the original last style. Preliminary experimental results are given to demonstrate the operation of the proposed method.
As consumers are becoming increasingly selective of what they wear on their feet, manufacturers are experiencing problems developing and fitting the right footwear. Literature suggests that shoes ...with a shape similar to feet may be comfortable because they attempt to maintain the feet in a neutral posture. The objective of this paper is to develop a metric to quantify mismatches between feet and lasts and also to be able to generate the two-dimensional outline of the foot using the minimum number of landmarks. Fifty Hong Kong Chinese were participants in the experiment. In addition to subject weight, height, foot length and foot width, the left foot outlines were drawn and 18 landmarks were marked on each of the two-dimensional foot outlines. A step-wise procedure was used to reduce the chosen 18 landmarks to eight, such that the mean absolute negative error (an indicator of 'tightness') between the foot outline and the modelled curve was 1.3 mm. These eight landmarks seem to show an improvement over those proposed by other researchers, thus showing the importance of choosing the right landmarks for modelling the foot. The positive and negative absolute errors were on average 1.8 mm and 1.3 mm respectively. Moreover, the mean errors for the toe region and for the rest of the foot were 1.7 mm and 1.6 mm respectively. The results indicate that the foot outline, an important component for footwear functionality and fitting, may be modelled using eight critical landmarks.
Reverse engineering has an increasing use in shoemaking process for rapid prototyping of shoe lasts. Foot shape reconstruction is one of the most important techniques in custom-made scheme. A system ...for reconstruction a foot shape from its 2D views using a coded structured light projection combining with the optical triangulation method is presented. A set of multiple gray coded patterns are projected to the target object through a projector and the distorted stripes patterns produced by its surface are captured by a digital camera. By adopting the optical triangulation method with the projector-camera parameters known in advance, the foot shape surface is reconstructed. The results show that the implemented system is able to reconstruct dense and precise 3D foot shapes.
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