From around the Reformation period to modern times, many English Bibles have been produced. In their production, many approaches have been employed. These approaches have been categorized in ...different ways by different scholars. Two of these approaches have been identified and explained in this article. They are formal equivalence and functional equivalence. According to Bill Mounce, formal equivalence shows a strong preference for replicating the form of the original languages. It makes translations reflect the formal structure of the original text. E. Ray Clendenen and David K. Stabnow assert that functional equivalent translation aims primarily at a high degree of naturalness in the translation. It renders the original language in such a way that it sounds natural in the target language. These approaches have also given way to different types of translation and qualities of translation. There are two major types of translation. They are literal translation and meaning-based translation. There are some qualities that a good translation should attain. Some of these qualities are accuracy, clarity, naturalness and faithfulness to the source text. The questions of great importance that are begging for the answer are: What is the best approach to Bible translation? How can this approach be attained? This article examines the best approaches to Bible translation and explains how the Mobilized Assistance Supporting Translation (MAST) method can assist to maintain check and balance in the interaction of Biblical translation approaches. The English translations of the Bibles are used as illustrations. The article summarizes the best approach to Bible translation and posits that the English Bible produced is in-between the literal translation and meaning-based translation, natural, clear, accurate, and faithful to the source text. The study recommends that such an approach can be found when the MAST method is adopted, and the English Bible produced will be readable and familiar to both native English speakers and non-native English speakers.
Keywords – Bible Translation, Formal Equivalence, Functional Equivalence, MAST Methods
Drawing on the scholarly acknowledgement regarding the experimental nature of dialogue in Modern and Postmodern literature, this article attempts at investigating the translatability of dialogic ...utterances displaying deviant language. The relevance of the study is given by the structural differences between languages, which oftentimes triggers the impossibility of rendering the dialogic information relative to the literary characters’ identity in the target language. The examples are depicted from several fictional texts, where part of the characters’ identity is constructed by the peculiarities of their speech which deviates, in a range of manners, from standard English. Such deviant language indicates the characters’ idiolectal, sociolectal or dialectal identity, as well as the broader social context in which they act. The examination of deviant language leads to findings concerning its structural variety and its essential role in completing some literary characters’ identity and, implicitly, its importance in translation. Solutions are suggested to the interlingual transfer of formally untranslatable deviant language of a grammatical, phonological and lexical nature, taking also account of criteria pertaining to functional aspects. The conclusions discuss structural, phonological and lexical possibilities of the target language, the translator’s creative engagement in the translation of deviant identity-marking language and suggest further research opportunities.
Bible translation activities have been documented since the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity in the period of the 5th century BCE (Before the Common Era). In Ghana, the ...earliest translation of portions of Scripture was in Ga in 1805. Bible translation into mother tongues overtly or covertly employs one or more of the philosophies known in translating the Bible. This article examined the philosophy that underpinned the translation of the Asante-Twi Bible, a mother-tongue Scripture that is widely used by the Akan-speaking people of Ghana. Two texts (Acts 1:12 and Hebrews 12:1) were examined exegetically through the lens of mother tongue biblical hermeneutics. The researcher discovered that the two main theories of formal and dynamic equivalences have been employed where appropriate in the translation. However, there are a lot of passages (such as Jewish systems of measurements and dates) that call for using appropriate equivalences in the mother-tongue to make the message of the New Testament understandable and unambiguous. The article also argues for the need for commentaries in the mother-tongue Bibles. Keywords: Bible translation, theories of translation, skopos theory, functional equivalence, formal equivalence, Asante-Twi Bible, mother tongue biblical hermeneutics.
Asynchronous NULL convention logic (NCL) circuits are dual-rail quasi-delay-insensitive circuits that have many applications in high radiation and extreme temperature fluctuation environments such as ...space exploration. Two abstraction techniques are proposed that can be used to drastically improve the efficiency and scalability of formal equivalence verification targeted at NCL circuits. The effectiveness of the abstraction techniques have been demonstrated using a number of multiply and accumulate circuit benchmarks.
The aim of this article is to analyse the scope of formal and dynamic equivalence in three press releases published by the European Commission in April 2020. The discussed press releases refer to the ...issue of the coronavirus pandemic and various measures taken by the Commission as a response to the crisis caused by the pandemic. Simultaneously, a particular attention is placed on the influence of the above-mentioned types of equivalence on the message covered by the press releases. Moreover, the study is based on three languages English, German and Polish. As the research shows, the two types of equivalence may apply to various aspects of texts introducing a wide range of effects to the translation. Whereas formal equivalence is usually present in shorter forms, dynamic equivalence corresponds to larger units of text. Additionally, it has been proved that the two types of equivalence are not applied in both translations to an equal extent.
W ramach niniejszego artykułu przedstawiona została analiza zastosowania ekwiwalencji formalnej oraz dynamicznej w wybranych komunikatach prasowych Komisji Europejskiej, dotyczących pandemii koronawirusa w Europie oraz działań podjętych przez Komisję w związku z pojawiającym się kryzysem, wywołanym pandemią. Ze szczególną uwagą analizowany jest również wpływ ekwiwalencji zastosowanej w tłumaczeniu na przekaz komunikatu. Analizie poddane zostały trzy komunikaty prasowe, opublikowane na stronie internetowej Komisji Europejskiej w kwietniu 2020 roku. Ponadto badanie opiera się na trzech wersjach językowych: angielskiej, która jest wersją źródłową omawianych komunikatów prasowych oraz jej dwóch tłumaczeniach: na język polski oraz niemiecki. Badanie wykazało zależność stopnia ekwiwalencji zastosowanej w tłumaczeniu od charakterystyki danego języka, a także cech językowych komunikatu prasowego. Ponadto zarówno w przypadku polskiej, jak i niemieckiej wersji językowej pomimo pojawienia się obu typów ekwiwalencji większość stanowi ekwiwalencja dynamiczna. Zabieg ten pozwala m.in. na doprecyzowanie informacji zawartej w danym komunikacie prasowym, a także ma wpływ na stopień zastosowanego ładunku emocjonalnego.
The choice of the editors of the Common English Bible (CEB) to translate Greek, Aramaic and
English phrases as either “The Human One” or “the human being” has been controversial. However, it
renders ...the “literal” meaning of a stock idiom that was in use both in the Aramaic of Jesus’ day and in the
Hebrew and Aramaic language in the OT. For those who are not taught the literal meaning of the idiom,
the traditional literalistic word-for-word translation of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου as “the Son of Man” is either
meaningless or misleading both in terms of Christology and for following the narrative of the Gospels. An
accurate translation of the sense of the Aramaic and Hebrew idiom was virtually a necessary choice for
semantic accuracy, and reflects the CEB’s purpose and translation theory. It is also a missional choice to
render the Word of God in a way that is understood in the target audience’s language. However, the majority
of the public that purchases Bibles has religious and theological commitments and tends to expect or even
demand specific theological vocabulary and technical terms that are part of a specialized religious register,
even though it is misunderstood. Therefore, the CEB engages in “norm-breaking” by attempting to choose
vocabulary from registers that are currently in use in the English language in comparable contexts as those
that are represented in the source text.
The aim of this essay is to present an analysis of a few verses of the biblical Song of Songs eleven from the many Chinese translations produced in the years 1822-2004. Three of them were rendered ...into shen wenli high wenli language, used by missionaries, but not by Chinese or foreign scholars for wenyan, one into qian wen-li, easy wen-li which was a lower kind of it, but understandable for many educated Chinese readers, and the last six translated into guoyu or guanhua Mandarin. It is only a small part of all the translations into Chinese, but they show the development from mostly following the European translations sticking to the style and sentence order of the biblical originals, to the first attempts at renditions that tried to be more genuinely Chinese, paying more attention to the rhythm of Chinese prose and poetry. The best specimens are probably the translations by the Delegates' and by Schereschewsky. Among the six translations into vernacular, analysed in this contribution, the Guanhua heheben Mandarin Union Version from the year 1919 is the most popular and influential, but many others have tried to find sympathy among the millions of Chinese readers in the last decades. The most progressive method of translation used in China is the 'dynamic or functional equivalence' proposing that the message is to be made understandable to the readers of the target language. More conservative translators use the method of 'formal equivalence', where the source languages of the Bible are more important, and attempts to convey their forms and contents to their readers.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how English implicit referential meaning is translated into Arabic by analyzing sentences containing implicit referential meanings found in the novel ..."Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban". The analysis shows that the translation of English implicit referential meaning into Arabic can be done implicitly or explicitly by paying attention to the references. It also shows that it is essential to come up with adjustments in translating sentences with implicit referential meanings if the meaning causes ambiguity or vagueness in the target language.
We prove that any two embeddings P^d ∼ Y → X_1 , P^d ∼ Y → X_2 , d ≥ 3, in two n-folds projective varieties X_1 , X_2 with normal bundle N_{Y |X_1} ∼ X_{Y |X_2} ∼ (n − d)O_{P^d} (1) are formally ...equivalent .
Moreover, we see that Y is G2 in both X_1 and X_2. As an immediate consequence of this result and if furthermore Y is G3 in both X_1 and X_2 then we deduce that the two embeddings are Zariski equivalent.
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