Women have taken part in several insurgencies. Research shows that women resort to violence not only for private reasons but also as a means to achieve political goals. The aim of this study is to ...explore how high-ranking YPJ commanders' frame their decision to first joint the PKK and their use of violence as founding members of the YPJ. This is done with the help of a thematic analysis of life history interviews with three YPJ commanders in the midst of the civil war in Syria. The focus is on how the interviewees frame the themes. When highlighting some aspect of reality over other aspects, for example, in the context of a conflict, frames act to define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgements, and suggest remedies. The study argues that the respondents' framing connected their personal experiences with broader ideology. Thus, personal experiences can lead to embracing a broader ideology such that they motivate women to join the violent struggle. Three themes emerged from the analysis: Patriarchy; inspiring examples; and global liberation and democracy. These explorative results suggest a corresponding three-stage analytical framework for analysing how women join militant movements during civil wars: Personal experiences that define the problem and prepare the ground for action; other women's roles as pathbreakers making the previously seemingly impossible action appear possible; and finally, the formulation of a political goal to guide action. This framework focuses on agency as inherently relational.
Terrorist organizations have long realized the invaluable benefits of various media platforms, particularly social media, in achieving their tactical, operational and strategic goals. They have ...figured out how to make an impact through social media. Researchers have found that media plays a significant role in disseminating messages supporting terrorism. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, terrorism has attracted much media attention. ISIS, in particular, has produced the most technologically sophisticated propaganda compared to other terrorist groups. Since terrorism has received so much media attention, it is vital to understand how it is presented in international news. This study, therefore, examines terrorists' use of media while focusing on ISIS as a case study. Research findings suggest that employing media as a weapon in combat is vital to ISIS's strategy to establish a hypothetical Islamic caliphate. ISIS uses media for three central goals: promoting its propaganda, recruiting new fighters, and inciting violence. The article employs framing theory, a study of comparative journalism and global media coverage of terrorism. This paper also explores the idea that media coverage may very well encourage acts of terrorism.
Bibliography Entry
Sunawar, Lubna. 2022. "Media Reporting of Terrorism: A Case Study of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)." Margalla Papers 26 (2): 62-71.
La liberté du double cadre Amiel, Vincent
Images re-vues,
12/2022, Volume:
10, Issue:
Hors-série 10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In his film The Passenger, which recounts the quest for an impossible freedom, Antonioni multiplies the frames within the frame, up to a famous shot that has become legendary, which underlines and ...erases the power of the frames.
Social media has evolved significantly over the years while providing strategic platforms for voices to reach billions of people within no time. Accordingly, it has advantages and disadvantages ...(threats). The nature of threats emanating from social media, especially Twitter, in the context of Pakistan, are mainly in the form of radicalization, glorification of terrorist groups, propagation of violent sub-nationalism and hybrid warfare. Though Pakistan has been relatively active after 2020 in responding to social media challenges, implementing social media regulations remains an issue, especially when most social media platforms are foreign in origin. This paper evaluates the interlinkage of social media and national security in the context of Pakistan while exploring how agents of insecurity and instability exploit social media and what response mechanism the state has placed to mitigate these threats. The paper is a qualitative inquiry using primary and secondary sources to answer these questions. The research findings suggest marginal securitization of social media, albeit without significant implementation.
Bibliography Entry
Al Abd, Saad. 2022. "Social Media as a Threat to National Security: A Case Study of Twitter in Pakistan." Margalla Papers 26 (2): 96-107.
Uncertainty is recognized as a key issue in water resources research, among other sciences. Discussions of uncertainty typically focus on tools and techniques applied within an analysis, e.g., ...uncertainty quantification and model validation. But uncertainty is also addressed outside the analysis, in writing scientific publications. The language that authors use conveys their perspective of the role of uncertainty when interpreting a claim—what we call here “framing” the uncertainty. This article promotes awareness of uncertainty framing in four ways. (1) It proposes a typology of eighteen uncertainty frames, addressing five questions about uncertainty. (2) It describes the context in which uncertainty framing occurs. This is an interdisciplinary topic, involving philosophy of science, science studies, linguistics, rhetoric, and argumentation. (3) We analyze the use of uncertainty frames in a sample of 177 s from the Water Resources Research journal in 2015. This helped develop and tentatively verify the typology, and provides a snapshot of current practice. (4) We make provocative recommendations to achieve a more influential, dynamic science. Current practice in uncertainty framing might be described as carefully considered incremental science. In addition to uncertainty quantification and degree of belief (present in ∼5% of s), uncertainty is addressed by a combination of limiting scope, deferring to further work (∼25%) and indicating evidence is sufficient (∼40%)—or uncertainty is completely ignored (∼8%). There is a need for public debate within our discipline to decide in what context different uncertainty frames are appropriate. Uncertainty framing cannot remain a hidden practice evaluated only by lone reviewers.
Plain Language Summary
Scientists address uncertainty not only in how they perform analyses, but also in how they write about their results. Not enough attention has been given to the ways in which scientists describe how uncertainty affects interpretation of their conclusions, which we call “uncertainty frames.” We aim to raise awareness of this issue by: (1) proposing a typology of eighteen uncertainty frames, addressing five questions about uncertainty, (2) describing the factors that affect how uncertainty is framed, (3) describing current practice by identifying and analyzing what frames are used in a sample of s published in Water Resources Research in 2015, and (4) providing provocative recommendations on how uncertainty communication could improve. We hope to spark debate within our community about how scientists should be communicating the role of uncertainty in their results.
Key Points
Uncertainty framing in scientific articles is an important means of addressing uncertainty; indicating role of uncertainty in a claim
A typology of frames describes conclusions in terms of maturity, scope, level of belief, depth of analysis, and relatability to the reader
Frequency of frames in s is consistent with carefully considered incremental science; potential to be more influential, dynamic
This Open Science Framework preregistered experiment examines the effects of game‐framing, the labeling of a selection test as a game without changing its content, on prospective applicants’ ...attitudes toward a fictitious hiring organization. Participants (N = 277) were asked to view a screenshot of a hypothetical organization's hiring assessment, which was labeled as either an online test or game. Aligned with signaling theory, game‐framing resulted in higher ratings of organizational innovation and increased organizational attraction. Surprisingly, openness to experience and propensity to innovate did not moderate this relationship. Implications of these findings for organizations using gamified and game‐based assessments are discussed along with directions for future research.
Practitioner points
Labeling hiring assessments as games can increase perceptions of organizational innovation, and ultimately attraction.
Surprisingly, openness to experience and propensity to innovate does not moderate this relationship.
Organizations wishing to be seen as more innovative may want to consider labeling their hiring assessments as games, assuming they can legitimately do so.
Fuzzy-trace theory assumes that decision-makers process qualitative "gist" representations and quantitative "verbatim" representations in parallel. We develop a lattice model of fuzzy-trace theory ...that explains both processes. Specifically, the model provides a novel formalization of how (a) decision-makers encode multiple representations of options in parallel, (b) representations compete or combine so that choices often turn on the simplest representation of encoded gists, and (c) choices between representations are made based on positive versus negative valences associated with social and moral principles stored in long-term memory (e.g., saving lives is good). The model integrates effects of individual differences in numeracy, metacognitive monitoring and editing, and sensation seeking. We conducted a systematic review of variations on framing effects and the Allais Paradox, both core phenomena of risky decision-making, and tested whether our model could predict observed choices: The model successfully predicted 82 of 88 (93%) pairs of studies (comparing gain to loss conditions) demonstrating 16 variations on effects, theoretically critical manipulations that eliminate or exaggerate framing effects. When examining these conditions individually, the model successfully predicted 153 (90%) of 170 eligible studies. Parameters of the model varied in theoretically meaningful ways with differences in numeracy, metacognitive monitoring, and sensation seeking, accounting for risk preferences at the group level. New experiments show similar results at the individual level. The model is also shown to be scientifically parsimonious using standard measures. Relations to current theories, such as Cumulative Prospect Theory, and potential extensions are discussed.
Full text
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ
Abstract
Two widely applied entrances to critically analyze mediated political communication are framing and discourse theory. While media discourse and framing are used in close connection in ...academic literature, we examine how the approaches theorize media power and politics differently. Framing theory examines how issues are constructed interactively, represented in mediated form, and interpreted within an institutionalized policy sphere. Some framing studies critically examine structural or hegemonic power. However, the preoccupation with manifest interactions entails a diminished sensibility to systematic exclusion. Discourse theory provides a post-foundational conceptualization of politics as the political in which media discourses are antagonistic, contingent, and open to change. Discourse theory expands media power to include (subversive) positions beyond hegemonic politics. We argue that applying either discourse or framing theory in media studies has theoretical and analytical consequences and that theoretical sensitivity will strengthen the discriminatory power of framing and discourse theory as two distinct fields.
•The British Crown outsourced government to the British South Africa Company (BSAC).•To colonize Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe).•The paper examines quantification of native peoples in BSAC annual ...reports.•Quantification dehumanized the native peoples, sanitizing their deaths.•The BSAC used annual reports to mask its exploitation of the native population.
This paper examines quantification adopted by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) in its portrayal of native peoples in annual reports. In its colonization and administration of Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), through a royal charter, the British Crown outsourced government to the BSAC, a private-sector, for-profit company. The royal charter imposed non-economic, public-benefit responsibilities on the company, including duties for advancing the native peoples’ interests. The research analyzes annual-report narratives referencing native peoples extracted from a continuous collection of the BSAC’s first 29 annual reports over a 35-year period, 1889–1924. The analysis focusses on the BSAC’s quantification of the natives, their deaths, their health and their livestock, supplemented by analyzing the BSAC’s use of rhetorical framing and the rhetoric of silence in its portrayal of native peoples. The BSAC mobilized quantification rhetoric to demonstrate delivery of its responsibilities/duties to advance the native peoples’ interests. Quantification dehumanized the native peoples, sanitizing their deaths in service of the company’s profitability, for the London audience for the BSAC’s annual reports. The BSAC silenced the supposed beneficiaries’ voices, the native peoples. The findings highlight how the BSAC used supposedly neutral annual reports as an instrument to mask its exploitation of the colony’s native population. The paper contributes to an understanding of how colonialists used accounting as an instrument to promulgate colonial propaganda and ambitions and to mask the means by which they achieved their objectives.
Unhealthy diets are a leading contributor to obesity, disability and death worldwide. One factor cited as contributing to rises in obesity rates is the pervasive and ubiquitous marketing of unhealthy ...foods and beverages (F&Bs) across a variety of mediums, such as sport sponsorship at both professional and amateur levels. Despite increased academic attention on the detrimental impacts of sport sponsorship within the obesogenic environment, this has not been matched by legislative action. One explanation may be the way that F&B corporations' sport sponsorship is framed within policy debates. Framing is the deliberate ways in which (often contested) issues are presented in communication. This paper examines how sport sponsorship by F&B corporations is framed through media reports.
This study employed a mixed methods content and framing analysis. First, we conducted a quantitative newsprint content analysis (n = 234). This then informed and directed a thematic framing analysis of a sub-set of articles (n = 54) that specifically associated sport sponsorship by F&B corporations with obesity and childhood obesity.
The findings suggest that two competing frames are evident within newspaper coverage: 1) public health and 2) industry. The public health frame rejects the sponsorship of sport by High in Fat Sugar and Salt (HFSS) product corporations in particular, calling for such sponsorship to be restricted or banned. The industry frame characterises sponsorship of sport as a form of corporate social responsibility, positioning industry as good moral actors and part of the solution to childhood and adult obesity. These frames are evident across other Unhealthy Commodity Industries (UCIs) policy debates. However, the prominence of industry actors within the sample is potentially indicative of their discursive power within this space, particularly with their emphasis on the financial maintenance of sport as well as encouraging physical activity, contributing to the lack of regulatory development of sport sponsorship by F&B corporations.
The findings of this study are particularly useful for public health organisations who seek regulatory change, as it may provide further insight into countering industry framing practices, raising the salience of regulation of sport sponsorship and thus increasing the likelihood of regulatory development that seeks to improve population health.
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