To explore the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and flavonols from bog bilberry (
L.) marc on a single-factor experimental basis, a response surface methodology was adopted for ...this intensive study. The extraction procedure was carried out in a Waring blender and followed an ultrasonic bath, and the natural antioxidant carnosic acid was added to inhibit oxidation. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: a volume fraction of ethanol of 70%, an antioxidant content of 0.02% (the mass of sample) carnosic acid, a liquid-solid ratio of 16 mL/g, a homogenization time of 3 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C, an ultrasound irradiation frequency of 80 kHz, an ultrasound irradiation power of 200 W, and an ultrasound irradiation time of 40 min. Satisfactory yields of anthocyanins (13.95 ± 0.37 mg/g) and flavonols (3.51 ± 0.16 mg/g) were obtained. The experimental results showed that the carnosic acid played an effective antioxidant role in the extraction process of anthocyanins and flavonols with a green and safety guarantee.
This paper studied the effects of microbial agents Faby (MF) and Rongfeng (MR) on the dynamic changes of temperature, C/N ratio, NH(4)+ -N and NO(3)- -N contents and compost quality in the composting ...process of passion fruit marc. The results showed that both MF and MR could accelerate the composting process. Compared with the control, these two agents extended the sustaining time of high temperature from 4 days to 11 and 12 days, promoted the decrease of C/N ratio, and the NO(3)- -N concentration increased by 58.0% and 64.2%, respectively. After the amendment of MF or MR, the total N, P and K contents, total porosity and water-holding porosity in the compost increased significantly, while the bulk density decreased. No significant difference was observed in the effects of MR and MF on the high temperature composting process of passionflower fruit marc, but MF was more beneficial to the improvement of compost quality.
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