This study examined the effects of daily parental autonomy support on changes in child behavior, family environment, and parental well‐being across 3 weeks during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. ...Day‐to‐day associations among autonomy‐supportive parenting, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being were also assessed. Parents (longitudinal N = 469; Mage = 42.93, SDage = 6.40) of school children (6–19 years) reported on adjustment measures at two measurement occasions and completed up to 21 daily online questionnaires in the weeks between these assessments. Results from dynamic structural equation models suggested reciprocal positive relations among autonomy‐supportive parenting and parental need fulfillment. Daily parental autonomy support, parental need fulfillment, and child well‐being partially predicted change in adjustment measures highlighting the central role of daily parenting for children’s adjustment during the pandemic.
Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (N = 1273) were analyzed to assess the longitudinal relations among executive function (EF) components in early childhood (54 months) and adolescence (15 ...years) and their prediction of academic achievement. We found that after controlling for early achievement, demographic, and home environment variables, only working memory at 54 months significantly predicted working memory at 15 years and that working memory was the only significant EF predictor of achievement at age 15. In contrast, all early achievement measures were significant predictors of later achievement. Furthermore, no demographic or home environment variables at 54 months significantly predicted EF at 15, and only maternal education significantly explained variance in adolescent math and literacy achievement. These findings demonstrate the predictability of working memory and highlight its importance for academic outcomes across development. However, the lack of associations of preschool inhibition and attention measures, after controlling for early achievement, demographic, and home environment variables, to corresponding measures in adolescence suggests the need for more developmentally sensitive measures of EF. Given that the EF measures used in this study are commonly used in educational and psychological research, more care should go into understanding the psychometric properties across development.
Educational Impact and Implications Statement
The results from the current study show that preschool working memory is related to working memory and math and reading achievement at age 15. These findings represent our ability to predict adolescent cognition and academic achievement from a single measurement as early as 54 months, and indicate that measures of working memory during preschool and adolescence are tapping into a similar ability. However, attention and self-regulation in preschool were not related to attention, self-regulation, or academic achievement during adolescence. Given that the attention and self-regulation measures in this study are commonly used in educational and psychological research and practice, more care should go into understanding how these abilities change over time, and how to accurately measure them over a wide range of years. This will aid educational practitioners and researchers in assessing early self-regulation skills with measures that are valid and predictive.
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Menopause is associated with declines in cognitive control. However, there is individual variability in the slope of this decline. Recent work suggests that indices of cognitive control are mediated ...by communicative demands of the language environment. However, little is known about how the impact of bilingual experience generalizes across the lifespan, particularly in females who exhibit steeper cognitive decline due to increasing age and menopausal transition. Thus, we investigated whether diversity of language use in distinct communicative contexts modulated the effects of aging and menopause on cognitive control in an adult lifespan sample of healthy females. We performed robust linear regressions on a sample of 120 females (age range 20-65 years) to characterize age- (n = 120) and menopause-related (n = 59) declines in cognitive control (as assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and to determine whether they are modulated by different facets of bilingual language experience, including the diversity of language use (i.e., language entropy) in home and workplace environments. Workplace but not home language diversity modulated age- and menopause-related declines in cognitive control, suggesting that females may compensate for decline by virtue of adapting to the externally imposed demands of the language environment. These findings have implications for identifying which aspects of bilingual experience may contribute to cognitive reserve in healthy aging.
Public Significance Statement
The novel findings of this study provide value to understanding the trajectory in age- and menopause-related decline in cognitive control that is experienced by females and how particular aspects of bilingual language experience may, in turn, mitigate these effects.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: to examine the influence of familial environment, parental perception, and socioeconomic conditions on the receptive vocabulary of elementary school children. Methods: an analytical ...cross-sectional observational study. The students were selected by stratified proportional sampling, using the Receptive Vocabulary Test. Those responsible for the children answered the anamnesis and the inventory of family environmental resources. Initially, a bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test, considering p<0.20. In the multivariate analysis of binary logistic regression, p<0.05 was considered, and the quality of the model was evaluated through the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. Results: out of the 263 students, 131 were males, 142 were in the third grade and were on average 7.6 years old (±0.57), and 111 had a low receptive vocabulary. In the bivariate analysis, there was a relationship between parental perception about learning to read and write, school failure, and the outcome (p<0.05). The variables environment, resources, and stability of family life were also used for multivariate analysis (p<0.20). Conclusion: Parental perception of difficulty in reading and writing and a lack of family stability were factors associated with poor receptive vocabulary.
RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a influência do ambiente familiar, percepção parental e condições socioeconômicas no vocabulário receptivo de escolares do ensino fundamental. Métodos: trata-se de estudo observacional transversal analítico. Os escolares, selecionados por amostragem proporcional estratificada, realizaram o Teste de Vocabulário Receptivo. Os responsáveis responderam à anamnese e ao Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar. Inicialmente, realizou-se análise bivariada pelo teste Qui-quadrado, considerando p<0,20. Na análise multivariada de regressão logística binária, considerou-se o valor p<0,05 e a qualidade do modelo foi avaliada pelo método Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: dos 263 escolares, 131 são do sexo masculino, 142 do terceiro ano, possuem idade média de 7,6 anos (±0,57) e 111 apresentam vocabulário receptivo rebaixado. Na análise bivariada, observou-se relação entre percepção parental acerca do aprendizado da leitura, da escrita, repetência escolar e o desfecho (p<0,05). Também foram para análise multivariada as variáveis recursos do ambiente e estabilidade da vida familiar (p<0,20). Conclusão: a percepção parental de dificuldade de leitura e de escrita e a falta de estabilidade familiar foram fatores associados ao pior vocabulário receptivo.
This paper focused on applying federated learning to process heterogeneous sensor data in a fog computing-enabled smart home environment. The fusion of sensor data from vision sensor, digital ambient ...sensor and passive infrared sensor is done in a distributed manner and the data processing using federated learning on Raspberry Pi edge nodes. The system uses edge nodes to train the respective machine learning models using federated learning without sending data to a centralized server. Instead, results from the training on multiple edge nodes are aggregated at the central node to produce a final machine-learning model. Each edge node deploys the aggregated model to recognize the subjects in the smart home environment and trigger an alert in case unknown subjects are identified. Linear regression model for temperature prediction and logistic regression model for humidity prediction using the ambient parameters are also trained in a federated way on the same edge nodes. The developed system uses the federated learning Flower framework for training the models. The obtained validation accuracy was 66% for the machine learning models that were built on the resource constraint server and edge clients through the federated learning. The developed system can be used in environments where communication bandwidth is limited, or data privacy concerns exist.
Abstract Objective To investigate relationships among parental self‐efficacy, home learning activities, and children's socioemotional and language skills for preschool children. Background Higher ...parental self‐efficacy is often related to better child skills and with more home learning activities. However, the relationships between parental self‐efficacy, home learning activities, and children's skills have not yet been investigated. Method The path models draw on data from 727 parents of preschool children (full sample: 85.1% female, 50.9% employed, 24.8% non‐German family language) and a subsample of 108 parents of preschool children who soon transition to elementary school in Germany. The self‐report data come from the German evaluation study “Language Daycare Centers.” Results We found significant positive links among (a) general parental self‐efficacy with home learning activities and children's language skills, (b) language supporting parental self‐efficacy with home learning activities and children's socioemotional skills, and (c) a negative link between language supporting parental self‐efficacy and children's socioemotional problems. Conclusion The more self‐efficacious parents felt, the more often they offered home learning activities and the higher they rated their children's language skills at age 5 years. Implication The findings highlight the importance of parental self‐efficacy for engaging with children and the positive parental assessment of children's skills. Promoting parental self‐efficacy might stimulate home learning activities and improve the home learning environment.
The availability of stimulating materials in the home environment is of great importance to optimizing an infant's development. This study, which has a cross-sectional study design, was conducted to ...examine the relationship between home environment conditions and equipment support and the motor development and sensory processing skills of premature infants. Children born premature, aged 10–16 months, were included in the study. Motor development was evaluated with the Peabody Motor Development Scale-2, and sensory processing skills were evaluated with the Test of Sensory Function in Infants. The Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale was used to evaluate the home environment. A total of 51 premature infants were included in the study. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between physical space, stimulus variety and fine motor toys in the home environment and Peabody Motor Development Scale-2 gross motor and fine motor development scores. It was also shown that there was a relationship between the tactile and total scores of the Test of Sensory Function in Infants Scale and the variety of stimuli in the home environment and gross motor toy scores. These findings show that the opportunities provided in the home environment of premature infants may be related to their motor development and sensory processing skills. Consequently, the home environment may be associated with experiencing movements and sensory experiences.
•There is a positive relationship between opportunities at home and motor development and sensory processing skills.•Arranging the home environment and creating suitable conditions in the early period can be beneficial for development.•The physical conditions of the home environment and the variety of toys provide sensory and motor experiences to infants.
Smart home is an emerging paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT), which facilitates an individual to operate the smart home appliances remotely through the internet. Since the user and the smart ...devices communicate over insecure communication channels, the transmitted sensitive data collected by the smart devices may be intercepted and altered easily by a malicious adversary. Therefore, there is a great need to design an effective and anonymous authentication scheme to guarantee secure communications in smart home environment. In the past decade, extensive research has been carried out on this security issue, but most of them are not secure. As a step towards this direction, in this paper, we propose an efficient and anonymous authentication scheme for smart home environment using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). The proposed scheme avoids keeping the verification table for authentication purposes. In addition, random number method is adopted to resist replay attack, and it can avoid the clock synchronization problem. The rigorous formal proof and heuristic analysis show that the proposed scheme provides the desired security features and resists against all the possible attacks. Compared with the most representative related schemes, the proposed scheme achieves a delicate balance between security and efficiency, and it is more suitable for realistic environments.
•Covid-19 restriction measures produced negative effects on psychological health.•Indoor-outdoor green features are associated with psychological health outcomes.•Nature-based elements promote ...well-being of smart workers and non-smart workers.•Green features within and surrounding the home environment are strongly recommended.
Exposure to public green spaces was shown to be associated with psychological health. Nonetheless, evidence is lacking on the role of different green features within and/or surrounding the home environment when public green spaces are inaccessible or not usable. The overarching goal of this study is to shed light on the associations between the presence of greenness within the home and in the surrounding environment and the detrimental effects of quarantine on psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy. A cross-sectional nationwide study involving an online survey was conducted of an Italian population-based sample of 3886 respondents on the association of indoor and outdoor green features (i.e., presence of plant pots, sunlight, green view and accessibility of private green space and natural outdoor environment) with self-reported increases in anxiety, anger, fear, confusion, moodiness, boredom, irritability, recurrent thoughts and/or dreams, poor concentration and sleep disturbance during the COVID-19 lockdown. Single-exposure regression models were performed to estimate associations between single green features and each psychological health outcome adjusted for relevant covariates. In the adjusted models, the presence of plant pots at home was associated with a lower self-reported increase in anxiety, anger, fear, irritability, and sleep disturbance. A greater amount of sunlight in the home was associated with a lower increase in anger, fear, confusion, moodiness, boredom, irritability, poor concentration, and sleep disturbance. A greater amount of green view and access to private green spaces were both associated with a lower increase in each of the psychological health outcomes except for green view and recurrent thought and/or dreams. Natural outdoor environment was associated with anxiety, fear, boredom, irritability, and sleep disturbance. Significant associations remained robust when adjusted for number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Insights on future investigations are provided.
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