RESUMO O programa de melhoramento de Capsicum da Embrapa Hortaliças tem contribuído significativamente no desenvolvimento e disponibilização de cultivares de pimentas com diferentes níveis de ...pungência no mercado brasileiro, tendo como foco principal a resistência a doenças e frutos com qualidades industrial e nutricional superiores. As cultivares de pimenta habanero BRS Araçari e BRS Biguatinga foram desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Hortaliças visando tanto o mercado de frutos frescos como a indústria processadora de pastas e molhos. ‘BRS Araçari’ apresenta frutos de formato retangular, de coloração verde quanto imaturo e amarela quando maduro, com 4,3 cm de comprimento por 4,2 cm de largura e 1,8 mm de espessura de parede. Os frutos têm pungência média de 5.000 SHU (unidade de calor Scoville) e elevado conteúdo de vitamina C (177,4 mg/100 g). Os frutos de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ são de formato campanulado, forma típica das pimentas do grupo habanero, de coloração verde clara quando imaturos e vermelha quando maduros, com 6,6 cm de comprimento por 3,4 cm de largura e 1,9 mm de espessura de parede. A pungência média dos frutos é de cerca de 150.000 SHU, com 149 mg/100 g de vitamina C e 221 µg/g fruto de carotenoides. As duas cultivares são resistentes a doenças importantes que afetam a cultura da pimenteira e apresentam elevadas produtividade, uniformidade e qualidade de frutos, ademais, ambas as cultivares têm sido cultivadas com sucesso em sistemas de produção convencional e orgânico no Brasil. ‘BRS Araçari’ e ‘BRS Biguatinga’ foram registradas e protegidas pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, e sementes comerciais da cultivar BRS Araçari estão sendo produzidas e comercializadas pela empresa Isla Sementes. Sementes básicas de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ estão sendo ofertadas ao setor produtivo por meio de Edital Público para interessados na produção e comercialização de sementes comerciais da referida cultivar.
ABSTRACT Embrapa Vegetables´ Capsicum breeding program has contributed significantly with several nonpungent and pungent pepper cultivars and hybrids released to the Brazilian market, focusing mainly on disease resistance and superior industrial and nutritional quality of fruits. The habanero chile pepper cultivars BRS Araçari and BRS Biguatinga were developed by Embrapa´s breeding program to meet both the market for fresh fruit and processing agroindustry of mashes and sauces. ‘BRS Araçari’ pods are rectangle-shaped, turn from dark green to bright yellow when mature, and are 4.3 cm long by 4.2 cm wide and have 1.8 mm in wall thickness. Fruits have a pungency of circa 5,000 SHU (Scoville Heat Unit) and high vitamin C content (177.4 mg/100 g). ‘BRS Biguatinga’ pods are campanulate-shaped, the standard shape of habaneros, turn from light green to red when ripe, 6.6 cm long by 3.4 cm wide and 1.9 mm in wall thickness. Fruit pungency is circa 150,000 SHU and fruits have 149 mg/100 g fruit of vitamin C and 221 µg/g fruit of carotenoids. Both cultivars are resistant to important chile pepper diseases, present high yield, uniformity and fruit quality, and have been successfully cultivated in conventional and organic production systems in Brazil. ‘BRS Araçari’ and ‘BRS Biguatinga’ were registered and protected by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and seeds of cultivar BRS Araçari are being marketed by Isla Sementes. ‘BRS Biguatinga’ basic seeds are being offered to the production sector through Public Call for Tenders for interest parties in becoming Embrapa’s partners for the production and sale of commercial seeds.
Environmental pollution, food sufficiency, and health are among the main challenges for sustainable crop production in Mexico. The main tool for plant protection is chemical pesticides, but ...environmental safety and risks to animal and human health have prompted the community and scientists to propose alternatives for their integrated management. This has encouraged the inclusion of biological products, such as species of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp., which act against pests and pathogens in different crops, and are environmentally benign, effective and economically viable. The aim of this paper was to compile information on Trichoderma spp. regarding their taxonomy, ecology, use as biological control, isolation, culture, morphological and molecular identification, mode of action, distribution of native species, and availability of international commercial products and those produced in Mexico. For this purpose, information was selected from indexed journals and suppliers of Trichoderma spp. on open data digital platforms. The exposed information could be useful for Mexican farmers, to know, accept and use biological control with Trichodermaspp. in their crops, for the benefit of quality agriculture and pesticide-free crops. In addition, research could be generated to develop new autochthonous products based on Trichodermaspp. that are more effective against pests and diseases native to Mexico.
Solanum demissum Lindl. in potato breeding Díaz-García, Gabriela; Enciso-Maldonado, Guillermo Andrés; Lozoya-Saldaña, Héctor
Revista Chapingo. Serie horticultura,
12/2023, Volume:
29, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract Solanum demissum Lindl. is one of the most valued and used species for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding due to its richness in genes for resistance to various biotic and abiotic ...factors. Over the years, it has been a plant of interest, mainly for its resistance to potato late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary.), which has led to crosses between S. demissum and S. tuberosum to obtain resistant cultivars. It has also been used for identifying physiological races of P. infestans and, recently, it has been associated with glycoalkaloids and antioxidant compounds, whose potential uses are of interest to various industries. Since there is great potential in the species S. demissum, not only as a source of resistance genes but also as a source of important bioactive compounds, this review summarizes the research conducted on the use of Solanum demissum in the breeding of cultivated potato, as well as its potential uses in other areas. In addition, areas of opportunity and limitations for breeding for resistance to late blight are highlighted to serve as a starting point for the development of new research or lines.
Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.) is widely grown in Mexico with non-certified seed.Little research has been done on seed drying and physiology. Seed drying is a fundamental process in ...production technology, and the temperature used can affect its quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different drying temperatures on the physical and physiological quality of seeds of four varieties (Tecozautla 04, Diamante, Gema and Manzano Tepetlixpa) in three storage periods. Seeds of each variety were dried in an oven until reaching constant weight at different temperatures: ambient, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C; subsequently, they were stored under ambient laboratory conditions for 0, 2 and 4 months. The experimental unit was 5 g of seeds. The study was carried out under a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. Physiological quality was evaluated with standard germination tests, and with the vigor test the germination speed index, total seedling length and seedling dry weight were determined. Seed quality was affected by temperature. When drying from 30 to 35 °C, the seeds expressed their maximum physiological quality, and above 45 °C their quality decreased. Tecozautla 04 had the greatest vigor, whereas Diamante had the least vigor and was the most sensitive to damage during the drying process. After two months of storage, the seeds showed the best physiological quality.
Plants raised in small cell trays are often subjected to root growth restrictions. Root tips are a source of cytokinin, and insufficient biosynthesis and transport of this hormone to the aerial part ...severely impairs shoot development. Exogenous supply of cytokinin to the foliage has been shown to effectively counteract these effects in several horticultural crops, but the physiological processes involved are still unclear. The aim of this work was to study the effect of spraying the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on growth and development of plug lettuce seedlings focusing on the morpho-physiological mechanisms involved in plant response. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. Crimor INTA) seedlings were grown for 35 days in 128-, 200- and 288-cells trays (17.37, 13.90 and6.18 cm3 ·cell-1 respectively), after which they were sprayed with BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) solutions (0, 5, 50 or 100 mg·L-1) either immediately before transplant, or 7 days after transplant. Seedlings were transplanted into larger (3,000 cm3) pots in which they grew for further 60 days. Decreasing plug cell volume resulted in a steep decrease in plant net assimilation rate and leaf net photosynthetic rate, but the impact on the relative growth rate was somewhat lower due to an increased leaf area ratio. BAP sprays increased plant biomass accumulation and enhanced the development of photosynthetic area, in parallel with a strong promotion of carbon assimilation, and these effects were more remarkable in plants raised in smaller plugs, and when hormone was supplied at the pre-transplant stage.
Abstract The consumption of edible flowers has increased the search for new species to improve their nutritional impact. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phenolic profile and ...nutritional value of the flowers of some Dahlia x hortorum clones (C1Var - variegated, C2Gui - cherry, C3Roj - red, C4Nar - orange, C5Ama - yellow, C6Fuc - fuchsia) and C7Ros - pink). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Science, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico, under a completely randomized experimental design with three replications. Phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic and chlorogenic) and flavonoids (quercetin and hesperidin) were detected. Similar contents of gallic acid (between 1.91 and 3.19 µg·g-1) were found in C7Ros, C1Var, C5Ama and C4Nar, where C1Var also stood out for the presence of quercetin (81.46 µg·g-1). The highest incidence of caffeic acid and hesperidin was found in C2Gui and C6Fuc. In general, C1Var showed a high percentage of crude fiber, crude fat and protein, although the last one was similar to C7Ros and C5Ama (13.68 and 13.72 µg·g-1, respectively). Likewise, C2Gui, C4Nar and C3Roj showed variation with respect to total carbohydrates (64.09, 61.64 and 62.37 %, respectively). According to the results, dahlia ligulate flowers have a significant content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, fiber and protein, as well as a variable caloric level, so they can be considered as a functional food and be integrated into daily intake.
Intensive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in coastal areas of Sinaloa is exposed to significant amounts of Cl and Na deposited by sea breezes and irrigation water, which affects the yield ...of this vegetable. The aim of this study was to evaluate three percentage ratios of Cl-/anions (25/100, 50/100 and 75/100) and three percentage ratios of Na+/cations (25/100, 50/100 and 75/100) in the nutrient solution on mineral composition, dry matter production and yield of tomato. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 32 factorial arrangement and four replications. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05). Cl and Na concentrations in tomato leaves, stems and fruits increased significantly with increasing ratios of Cl-/anions and Na+/cations in the nutrient solution. The 75/100 Cl-/anions ratio reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the Ca concentration in leaves, while the 75/100 Na+/cations ratio decreased (P ≤ 0.05) K concentrations in leaves and stems. Both ratios reduced aerial dry biomass (48 and 25.8 %, respectively) and tomato yield (50.8 and 45.7 %, respectively). The results indicate that tomato plants grown with the 75/100 percentage ratio of Cl-/anions or the 75/100 percentage ratio of Na+/ cations absorb excessive amounts of Cl or Na, which causes ionic imbalance (especially of K+ and Ca2+) and affects dry matter production and yield.
The objective was to propagate select Physalis ixocarpa plants in vitro, acclimatize them and describe their phenological cycle. The in vitro response of stem apices was evaluated in families from ...the Tecozautla 04, Manzano Tepetlixpa and Morado San Miguel varieties. The apices were cultured in a medium containing Murashige and Skoog inorganic salts (100 %), supplemented with 0.4 mg·L-1 thiamine, 60 mg·L-1 L-cysteine, 100 mg·L-1 myo-inositol, 0.5 mg·L-1 nicotinic acid, 0.5 mg·L-1 pantothenic acid, 3 % sucrose and 7 g·L-1 agar, without growth regulators and the pH adjusted to 5.7 ± 0.1. in vitro rooting was done for 30 days, with 16 h of light at 3,000 μmol∙m-2∙s-1. The variables evaluated in vitro were seedling height, vigor, callus presence, root length, and number of leaves, roots, stems and buds. Plants produced in vitro were acclimatized and transplanted in greenhouses to follow their phenological cycle. The variables evaluated in acclimatization and phenological cycle were plant height and number of leaves, buds, flowers and set fruits. A completely randomized design was used for the in vitro evaluation, and randomized complete blocks for the greenhouse. The families with the best morphogenic responses in vitro were Tecozautla 04 and Manzano, and in phenological development they presented greater plant height. In acclimatization, survival was 100 % in all clones. in vitro responses, acclimatization and phenology depended on the variety and families.
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