This book investigates the acquisition of sociolinguistic knowledge in the early elementary school years of Mandarin-English two-way language immersion. Using ethnographic observation and ...quantitative analysis, the author explores how input from teachers and classmates shapes students' language acquisition.
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•The hybrid technology of immersion cooling assisted with tab cooling was proposed.•Tab cooling enhanced the overall cooling performance.•The electrochemical-thermal model was ...developed and verified for direct fluid immersion cooling.•Proposed technology provided superior cooling performance compared to indirect cooling.•Thermal runaway propagation was prevented using suggested cooling technology.
The objective of this study is to investigate direct cooling performance characteristics of Li-ion battery and battery pack for electric vehicles using dielectric fluid immersion cooling (DFIC) technology. The experimental results showed that Li-ion pouch cell immersed in flowing dielectric fluid assisted with tab cooling showed better cooling performance with 46.8% reduction in the maximum temperature at the positive tab compared to natural convection at 3C discharge rate. The electrochemical-thermal model of Li-ion pouch cell immersed in flowing dielectric fluid assisted with tab cooling was developed using Multi-Scale Multi-Domain (MSMD) approach with Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model. A good agreement within ± 5% was found between the results of numerical study and experimental data. The 50 V battery pack maximum temperature was maintained below 40 °C for 5C discharge at the ideal pumping power of 81.7 W. With the application of the proposed DFIC assisted with tab cooling technology, the maximum battery pack temperature was 9.3% lower than the indirect cooling method, confirming the improved cooling performance compared to the conventional cooling method. Under thermal abuse condition with internal short circuit, the peak temperature of 341.7 °C was observed for the battery pack and thermal runaway of battery pack was prevented except the affected cell. This study demonstrated the DFIC assisted with tab cooling as a safe and efficient thermal management technology for high-density and high capacity Li-ion battery application in electric vehicles.
In this paper, we investigate the impact of flow (operationalized as heightened challenge and skill), engagement, and immersion on learning in game-based learning environments. The data was ...gathered through a survey from players (N = 173) of two learning games (Quantum Spectre: N = 134 and Spumone: N = 40). The results show that engagement in the game has a clear positive effect on learning, however, we did not find a significant effect between immersion in the game and learning. Challenge of the game had a positive effect on learning both directly and via the increased engagement. Being skilled in the game did not affect learning directly but by increasing engagement in the game. Both the challenge of the game and being skilled in the game had a positive effect on both being engaged and immersed in the game. The challenge in the game was an especially strong predictor of learning outcomes. For the design of educational games, the results suggest that the challenge of the game should be able to keep up with the learners growing abilities and learning in order to endorse continued learning in game-based learning environments.
•Engagement in the game has a positive effect on learning.•Immersion in the game does not have a significant effect on learning.•Challenge affected learning both directly and via the increased engagement.•Skill did not affect learning directly but only via the increased engagement.•Perceived challenge was an especially strong predictor of learning outcomes.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of augmented reality (AR) as an e-commerce tool using two products — sunglasses and watches. Study 1 explores the effectiveness of AR by comparing it to a ...conventional website. The results show that AR provides effective communication benefits by generating greater novelty, immersion, enjoyment, and usefulness, resulting in positive attitudes toward medium and purchase intention, compared to the web-based product presentations. Study 2 compares the paths by which consumers evaluate products through AR versus web with a focus on interactivity and vividness. It is revealed that immersion mediates the relationship between interactivity/vividness and two outcome variables — usefulness and enjoyment in the AR condition compared to the web condition where no significant paths between interactivity and immersion and between previous media experience and media novelty are found. Participants' subjective opinions about AR are examined through opinion mining to better understand consumer responses to AR.
•AR-based product presentations generally provide effective communication benefits compared to web-based product presentations.•The positive relationship between interactivity/vividness and usefulness/enjoyment is mediated by a sense of immersion.•The greater consumers' perceived media usefulness/enjoyment in using AR, the more positive the attitude toward AR.•The greater consumers' perceived AR media novelty, the greater is consumers' immersive AR experience.•The greater previous media experience with AR, the lower is consumers' perceived AR media novelty.
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Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects ...postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed.
We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks.
Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training.
Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy.
We measured the impact of postexercise cooling on acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during adaptation to resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks. Twelve healthy males (aged 21 ± 2 years) performed a single resistance‐type exercise session followed by water immersion of both legs for 20 min. One leg was immersed in cold water (8°C: CWI), whereas the other leg was immersed in thermoneutral water (30°C: CON). After water immersion, a beverage was ingested containing 20 g of intrinsically (l‐1‐13C‐phenylalanine and l‐1‐13C‐leucine) labelled milk protein with 45 g of carbohydrates. In addition, primed continuous l‐ring‐2H5‐phenylalanine and l‐1‐13C‐leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of blood and muscle samples to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in vivo over a 5 h recovery period. In addition, deuterated water (2H2O) was applied with the collection of saliva, blood and muscle biopsies over 2 weeks to assess the effects of postexercise cooling with protein intake on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during more prolonged resistance‐type exercise training (thereby reflecting short‐term training adaptation). Incorporation of dietary protein‐derived l‐1‐13C‐phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (0.016 ± 0.006 vs. 0.021 ± 0.007 MPE; P = 0.016). Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were lower in CWI compared to CON based upon l‐1‐13C‐leucine (0.058 ± 0.011 vs. 0.072 ± 0.017% h−1, respectively; P = 0.024) and l‐ring‐2H5‐phenylalanine (0.042 ± 0.009 vs. 0.053 ± 0.013% h−1, respectively; P = 0.025). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates assessed over 2 weeks were significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (1.48 ± 0.17 vs. 1.67 ± 0.36% day−1, respectively; P = 0.042). Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise reduces myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and, as such, probably impairs muscle conditioning.
Key points
Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed.
We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks.
Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training.
Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy.
The cultivation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is of economic interest because vanillin is extracted from the fruits of this species. Vanillin is a natural flavoring highly valued in the food ...market. However, there is a short supply of propagules available for establishing commercial plantations and good-quality plants with phytosanitary certification. Plant tissue culture represents a viable option to supply large amounts of healthy plants to vanilla producers. In addition, the use of temporary immersion systems will allow commercial scale-up and the establishment of biofactories dedicated to in vitro vanilla propagation. This chapter describes a large-scale micropropagation protocol for vanilla using temporary immersion bioreactors (TIB).
Salvia is a very valuable medicinal plant for the pharmaceutical industry. Tissue culture techniques can be used to increase the number of plants in a shorter time. Although protocols for in vitro ...propagation of more than 15 plant species have been developed, they are not yet efficient enough to increase mass propagation of plants. Therefore, the use of temporary immersion systems is necessary to increase the morphological quality of plants as well as their biomass in several Salvia species. In this chapter, progress in in vitro propagation in several Salvia species using liquid medium and automation is described.
Temporary immersion systems (TIS) have been used for orchid micropropagation. The main advantage of TIS use for micropropagation is that the explant is periodically immersed in nutrient media, and ...then, the nutrient solution is drained, which allows the explant tissue to stay in air. The current review resumes the application of TIS in orchid propagation. Fifty-three papers are discussed considering: explant, culture media, TIS bioreactor type, frequency and immersion time, and the TIS effects in acclimatization phase.
The Guadalupe cypress (Cupressus guadalupensis S. Watson) is an endangered species included in the list of the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The presence of wild goats in the habitat has been the greatest ...threat to the propagation and survival of this species. Therefore, there is a need to generate propagation protocols that facilitate the regeneration of the species. Plant tissue culture offers various possibilities that can facilitate the regeneration of species under some risk. Temporary immersion systems have proven to be an option with various advantages in plant tissue culture, such as increasing the number of seedlings generated and reducing production times, compared to semisolid media. The objective of this chapter is to describe a protocol to propagate Guadalupe cypress tissues in a RITA
temporary immersion system.
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