Hematite (α-Fe
2
O
3
), with a bandgap suitable for absorption of the solar spectrum, is ideally suited for use as a photoanode material in photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar light into ...hydrogen fuel
via
water splitting. However, low hole mobility, short hole lifetime, high density of surface states, and slow kinetics for oxygen evolution at the α-Fe
2
O
3
/electrolyte interface have limited the PEC performance of α-Fe
2
O
3
photoanodes to date. Along with numerous reports on doping and nanostructuring of α-Fe
2
O
3
, increased attention has been paid to α-Fe
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3
heterostructure design for improved PEC performance. This review article provides an overview of four main approaches to rational heterostructure design: coupling α-Fe
2
O
3
with (1) an n- or p-type semiconductor for promoting charge separation; (2) a nanotextured conductive substrate for efficient charge collection; (3) a surface/interface passivation layer for reduced surface/interface charge recombination; (4) a catalyst for accelerated water oxidation kinetics. The achievements to date demonstrate that high PEC performance may be accessed with these designs. In addition, we review time-resolved laser techniques used to probe the charge carrier dynamics of these heterostructures. Dynamic studies have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for the improved PEC performance in these materials and helped to guide continued design of α-Fe
2
O
3
heterostructures for further enhancement of PEC water splitting. As summarized in this review article, rational heterostructure design is a promising strategy to push forward the application of α-Fe
2
O
3
for potential low cost and high efficiency solar hydrogen conversion. A better fundamental understanding of the charge carrier dynamics in these structures in turn helps to guide and improve the heterostructure design.
Different approaches to improving photoelectrochemical performance through α-Fe
2
O
3
heterostructure design.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of proton conduction is crucial for the design of new materials with improved conductivity. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) has been used to probe the ...mechanism of proton diffusion within a new phosphonate-based metal–organic framework (MOF) material, MFM-500(Ni). QENS suggests that the proton conductivity (4.5 × 10–4 S/cm at 98% relative humidity and 25 °C) of MFM-500(Ni) is mediated by intrinsic “free diffusion inside a sphere”, representing the first example of such a mechanism observed in MOFs.
In this paper a granular approach for intelligent control using generalized type-2 fuzzy logic is presented. Granularity is used to divide the design of the global controller into several individual ...simpler controllers. The theory of alpha planes is used to implement the generalized type-2 fuzzy systems. The proposed method for control is applied to a non-linear control problem to test the advantages of the proposed approach. Also an optimization method is used to efficiently design the generalized type-2 fuzzy system to improve the control performance.
BACKGROUND
Implementing city‐wide patient navigation processes that support patients across the continuum of cancer care is impeded by a lack of standardized tools to integrate workflows and reduce ...gaps in care. The authors present an actionable workflow process mapping protocol for navigation process planning and improvement based on methods developed for the Translating Research Into Practice study.
METHODS
Key stakeholders at each study site were identified through existing community partnerships, and data on each site's navigation processes were collected using mixed methods through a series of team meetings. The authors used Health Quality Ontario's Quality Improvement Guide, service design principles, and key stakeholder input to map the collected data onto a template structured according to the case‐management model.
RESULTS
Data collection and process mapping exercises resulted in a 10‐step protocol that includes: 1) workflow mapping procedures to guide data collection on the series of activities performed by health care personnel that comprise a patient's navigation experience, 2) a site survey to assess program characteristics, 3) a semistructured interview guide to assess care coordination workflows, 4) a site‐level swim lane workflow process mapping template, and 5) a regional high‐level process mapping template to aggregate data from multiple site‐level process maps.
CONCLUSIONS
This iterative, participatory approach to data collection and process mapping can be used by improvement teams to streamline care coordination, ultimately improving the design and delivery of an evidence‐based navigation model that spans multiple treatment modalities and multiple health systems in a metropolitan area. This protocol is presented as an actionable toolkit so the work may be replicated to support other quality‐improvement initiatives and efforts to design truly patient‐centered breast cancer treatment experiences.
LAY SUMMARY
Evidence‐based patient navigation in breast cancer care requires the integration of services through each phase of cancer treatment.
The Translating Research Into Practice study aims to implement patient navigation for patients with breast cancer who are at risk for delays and are seeking care across 6 health systems in Boston, Massachusetts.
The authors designed a 10‐step protocol outlining procedures and tools that support a systematic assessment for health systems that want to implement breast cancer patient navigation services for patients who are at risk for treatment delays.
A workflow mapping protocol is designed to support health systems plan for the implementation of a breast cancer patient navigation program to support patients across multiple treatment modalities. This tool may be used to disseminate evidence‐based navigation in oncology care.
...health ministries will be invited to convene experts in their countries to design specific programmes of action for improving safety in each of four domains in which a medications can cause ...inadvertant harm: health care professionals' behaviour; systems and practices of medication; medicines; patients and the public. ...WHO will use its global convening and advocacy role to pursue successful outcomes in a range of areas, including: strengthening the quality of data to monitor medication-related harm; providing guidance and developing strategies, plans, and tools to ensure that the medication process has the safety of patients at its core in all health-care settings; producing a strategy for setting out research priorities; monitoring and evaluating the impact of the challenge; continuing to engage with regulatory agencies and international actors to improve medication safety through improved packaging and labelling; and designing tools and technologies that empower patients to safely manage their own medications. 2 MA Safren, A Chapanis, A critical incident study of hospital medication errors, Hospitals, Vol. 34, Iss. 53, 1960, 65-66, 68 3 B Allegranzi, J Storr, G Dziekan, The first global patient safety challenge “Clean care is safer care”: from launch to current progress and achievements, J Hosp Infect, Vol. 65,...
As a next-generation electrochemical energy storage technology, rechargeable magnesium (Mg)-based batteries have attracted wide attention because they possess a high volumetric energy density, low ...safety concern, and abundant sources in the earth’s crust. While a few reviews have summarized and discussed the advances in both cathode and anode materials, a comprehensive and profound review focusing on the material design strategies that are both representative of and peculiar to the performance improvement of rechargeable Mg-based batteries is rare. In this mini-review, all nine of the material design strategies and approaches to improve Mg-ion storage properties of cathode materials have been comprehensively examined from both internal and external aspects. Material design concepts are especially highlighted, focusing on designing “soft” anion-based materials, intercalating solvated or complex ions, expanding the interlayer of layered cathode materials, doping heteroatoms into crystal lattice, size tailoring, designing metastable-phase materials, and developing organic materials. To achieve a better anode, strategies based on the artificial interlayer design, efficient electrolyte screening, and alternative anodes exploration are also accumulated and analyzed. The strategy advances toward Mg–S and Mg–Se batteries are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of all-collected material design strategies and approaches are critically discussed from practical application perspectives. This mini-review is expected to provide a clear research clue on how to rationally improve the reliability and feasibility of rechargeable Mg-based batteries and give some insights for the future research of Mg-based batteries as well as other multivalent-ion battery chemistries.
PurposeThe study aims to develop an organizational culture typology and explore how different logistics service provider (LSP) and customer archetypes interact to generate performance improvements in ...logistics outsourcing relationships.Design/methodology/approachA multiple case study approach with 12 dyads was employed. Interviews as well as public and internal data from LSPs and customers were analyzed.FindingsThe results reveal four archetypes each for LSPs and customers, characterized by two dimensions: “activeness” and “openness”. Furthermore, analyzing the interaction among the archetypes, three relationship patterns are identified (“static”, “restrained”, and “progressive”) that differ in the exploratory and exploitative improvement outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to theory development at the intersection of organizational culture and logistics outsourcing.Originality/valueThe study provides a typology of organizational culture in logistics outsourcing and how different archetypes interact to generate improvements.
Defining Smart Contract Defects on Ethereum Chen, Jiachi; Xia, Xin; Lo, David ...
IEEE transactions on software engineering,
2022-Jan.-1, 2022-1-1, 20220101, Volume:
48, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Smart contracts are programs running on a blockchain. They are immutable to change, and hence can not be patched for bugs once deployed. Thus it is critical to ensure they are bug-free and ...well-designed before deployment. A Contract defect is an error, flaw or fault in a smart contract that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. The detection of contract defects is a method to avoid potential bugs and improve the design of existing code. Since smart contracts contain numerous distinctive features, such as the gas system. decentralized , it is important to find smart contract specified defects. To fill this gap, we collected smart-contract-related posts from Ethereum StackExchange, as well as real-world smart contracts. We manually analyzed these posts and contracts; using them to define 20 kinds of contract defects . We categorized them into indicating potential security, availability, performance, maintainability and reusability problems. To validate if practitioners consider these contract as harmful, we created an online survey and received 138 responses from 32 different countries. Feedback showed these contract defects are harmful and removing them would improve the quality and robustness of smart contracts. We manually identified our defined contract defects in 587 real world smart contract and publicly released our dataset. Finally, we summarized 5 impacts caused by contract defects. These help developers better understand the symptoms of the defects and removal priority.
Abstract
Taking the buffer of a high-precision sniper weapon as the research object, according to its technical and tactical performance and buffer requirements, this article focuses on the design of ...the grooved variable hydraulic damper and anti-forward spring buffer by adopting hydraulic spring combination buffer technology. Using MATLAB mathematical simulation software, the recoil force model was constructed, and the simulation calculation was performed. In the light of calculation results, on the basis of modifying and improving the design parameters of the buffer, the actual shooting test of the buffer has been carried out. The test results show that the buffer can effectively reduce the peak value of recoil resistance while ensuring the shooting accuracy of sniper weapons, thereby reflecting the design of the buffer has achieved the expected effect. The test results verify the principle of the combined buffer, which provides certain reference significance for the design of other large-caliber sniper weapons.
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