As a result of economics and policy, land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) in China has undergone a series of complicated changes over the past three decades. However, the effects of LUCCs on ecosystem ...service values (ESVs) have never been previously assessed at the national scale. Thus, on the basis of three Chinese LUCC maps from 1988, 2000, and 2008, we examined changes in land-use/land-cover and consequent ESVs using a value transfer method. We found that ESVs decreased by 0.45% and 0.10% during the periods 1988–2000 and 2000–2008, respectively, and that ESV changes in China during the period 2000–2008 were relatively moderate compared to the rest of the world over a similar period. The ESVs for provision, regulation, support, and culture decreased by 0.19%, 0.48%, 0.43%, and 0.45%, respectively, during the period 1988–2000, while they decreased by 0.11%, 0.09%, 0.14%, and 0.04%, respectively, during the period 2000–2008. We also developed an elasticity indicator to assess responses in ESV change relative to LUCCs. Results of this analysis show that 1% of land conversion in China resulted in 0.15% and 0.10% average changes in ESVs during the two periods, respectively.
Display omitted
•We examined the land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) in China from 2000 to 2008.•We assessed the responses of ecosystem service values (ESVs) to LUCC in China.•ESVs decreased by 0.45% and 0.10% during 1988–2000 and 2000–2008, respectively.•Converting 1% of land led to ESV changes of 0.15% and 0.10% in these two periods.•Decreases in ESVs in China were more modest than the global average.
A nonsymmetric salamo-like ligand (H2L, 5-(N,N′-diethylamino)-2,2′-ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)phenolnaphthol) has been synthesized, and its two homotrinuclear complexes ...{Zn3(L)2(μ-OAc)2}2·5EtOH and Ni3(L)2(μ-OAc)2(MeOH)2·2MeOH and single crystals of the ligand have been successfully synthesized and characterized structurally. Molecular electrostatic potential analysis, interaction region indicator analysis, Hirshfeld surfaces analyses, DFT calculations and fluorescent properties of the Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) complexes were also studied.
Display omitted
•Single crystals of H2L and its Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes have been determined.•The Zn(II) complex possesses two crystallographically and chemically identical trinuclear clusters.•Experimental and theoretical investigation of the Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes were performed.
Neutral homotrinuclear complexes {Zn3(L)2(μ-OAc)2}2·5EtOH and Ni3(L)2(μ-OAc)2(MeOH)2·2MeOH were obtained in the reactions of a new non-symmetric salamo-like ligand H2L (5-(N,N′-diethylamino)-2,2′-ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)phenolnaphthol) with the respective salts of M(OAc)2·2H2O (M = Zn(II) and Ni(II)), respectively. Single crystals of the ligand were also obtained. All the Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) complexes were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) complexes are composed of two (L)2− units combined with three metal(Ⅱ) ions, where a pair of μ-OAc− ions bridging Zn1⋯Zn2 and Zn2⋯Zn3 or Ni1⋯Ni2 and Ni2⋯Ni1#1 neutralize the charge of the Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes and stabilize the trinuclear structure. The two μ-OAc− ions are located on the same side of the Zn(Ⅱ) complex, while on different sides of the Ni(Ⅱ) complex. In addition, there are two methanol molecules in the Ni(Ⅱ) complex involved in the coordination. UV–vis absorption spectral analyses showed that the ligand (L)2− units have coordinated with Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) atoms. DFT calculations exhibited that the Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes have higher kinetic stability and lower chemical reactivity. Fluorescence spectrum analyses indicated that the electrons of the ligand have transferred to the empty orbitals (LMCT) of the Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) atoms. Furthermore, to discern the interactions in the crystal structures, Hirshfeld surfaces analyses were evaluated. Molecular electrostatic potentials were calculated in order to find electrophilic and nucleophilic sites favorable for hydrogen bonds.
•A novel tetranuclear Cu(II) salamo-like complex has been synthesized and characterized structurally.•Different modes of the Cu(II) complex were obtained by changing the reaction ratio between H4L ...and copper(II) salts.•The four Cu(II) atoms possess respectively four- and five-coordinated modes.•A series of theoretical calculations and fluorescence properties of H4L and its Cu(Ⅱ) complex were investigated.
A novel tetra-nuclear Cu(II) salamo-like complex containing four- and five-coordinated Cu(II) atoms, Cu4(L)2(MeOH)2·2MeOH was synthesized and characterized structurally. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the Cu(II) complex is a triclinic system, including four Cu(II) atoms and two completely deprotonated ligand (L)4− units, forming an asymmetric geometric structure. Specifically, Cu2 and Cu4 atoms are located in the N2O2 cavities of two different ligand (L)4− units, respectively, and coordinate with one methanol molecule in the axial position to form five-coordinated tetragonal pyramid geometries. Meanwhile, Cu1 and Cu3 atoms respectively coordinate with four phenoxy atoms in the two ligand (L)4− units to form slightly distorted planar quadrilateral geometries with four coordination. The spectral properties of the ligand H4L and its Cu(II) complex were further analyzed by IR, UV–vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra. DFT calculation results showed that the Cu(II) complex has low optical reaction activity. In addition, the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites favorable for the formation of hydrogen bonds were found through molecular electrostatic potential analysis. Hirshfeld surface analysis identified the interactions in the crystal structure. In the Cu(II) complex, H···H/H···H interaction is dominant, indicating that there are a large number of hydrogen bonds in the complex. IRI analysis revealed that there are weak hydrogen bond interactions, all of which make the Cu(II) complex more stable.
In the research of financial market analysis, the correlation research between different companies’ stock prices has important theoretical value and practical significance, but there is still a lack ...of unified standards for the construction and selection of technical indicators. In this paper, a comprehensive review of technique indicator for stock price correlation is designed and the stock price correlation research is carried out. Based on the calculation method of indicators and the meaning of indicators, this paper designs a stock price correlation indicator system. Various related indicators are extracted from the actual market data, combined with the time series clustering model K-Shape and random forest classification model. This paper tries to describe the synchronous correlation of stock prices among listed companies and further analyzes the mechanism leading to these correlations. By using the correlation indicator classification system proposed in this paper, the synchronous correlation relationship of stock prices of different companies is analyzed, and the synchronous correlation relationship of stock prices of corresponding companies in the future can be predicted, and the synchronous correlation relationship between listed companies can be analyzed and explained in practice to a certain extent.
Agriculture has radically changed the global nitrogen (N) cycle and is heavily dependent on synthetic N-fertiliser. However, the N-use efficiency of synthetic fertilisers is often only 50% with ...N-losses from crop systems polluting the biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. To address the large carbon and energy footprint of N-fertiliser synthesis and curb N-pollution, new technologies are required to deliver enhanced energy efficiency, decarbonisation and a circular nutrient economy. Algae fertilisers (AF) are an alternative to synthetic N-fertiliser (SF). Here microalgae were used as biofertiliser for spinach production. AF production was evaluated using life-cycle analyses. Over 4 weeks, AF released 63.5% of N as bioavailable ammonium and nitrate, and 25% of phosphorous (P) as phosphate to the growth substrate; SF released 100% N and 20% P. To maximise crop N-use and minimise N-leaching, we explored AF and SF dose-response-curves with spinach in glasshouse conditions. AF-grown spinach produced 36% less biomass than SF-grown plants due to AF's slower and linear N-release; SF exhibited 5-times higher N-leaching than AF. Optimised AF:SF blends yielded greater synchrony between N-release and crop-uptake, boosting crop yields and minimising N-loss. Additional benefits of AF included greener leaves, lower leaf nitrate concentration, and higher microbial diversity and water holding capacity of the growth substrate. An integrated techno-economic and life-cycle-analysis of scaled-up microalgae systems (+/− wastewater) normalised to the application dose showed that replacing the most effective SF-dose with AF lowered the annual carbon footprint of fertiliser production from 3.644 kg CO2 m−2 (C-producing) to −6.039 kg CO2 m−2 (C-assimilation). N-loss from growth substrate was lowered by 54%. Embodied energy for AF:SF blends could be reduced by 29% when cultivating microalgae on wastewater. Conclusions: (i) microalgae offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic N-fertiliser for spinach production and potentially other crop systems, (ii) microalgae biofertilisers support the circular-nutrient-economy and several UN-Sustainable-Development-Goals.
Display omitted
•Fertiliser efficiency was characterised in a combined empirical-modelling approach.•Algae fertiliser (AF) had a slower N release rate than synthetic N fertiliser.•Blending algae with synthetic N fertiliser synchronised N release and crop uptake.•AF promoted desirable crop traits, soil water retention and microbial diversity.•AF production had a C-negative footprint, while N recycling lowered embodied energy.
Wetland ecosystems are critical to the regulation of the global carbon cycle, and there is a high demand for data to improve carbon sequestration and emission models and predictions. Decomposition of ...plant litter is an important component of ecosystem carbon cycling, yet a lack of knowledge on decay rates in wetlands is an impediment to predicting carbon preservation. Here, we aim to fill this knowledge gap by quantifying the decomposition of standardised green and rooibos tea litter over one year within freshwater and coastal wetland soils across four climates in Australia. We also captured changes in the prokaryotic members of the tea-associated microbiome during this process. Ecosystem type drove differences in tea decay rates and prokaryotic microbiome community composition. Decomposition rates were up to 2-fold higher in mangrove and seagrass soils compared to freshwater wetlands and tidal marshes, in part due to greater leaching-related mass loss. For tidal marshes and freshwater wetlands, the warmer climates had 7–16% less mass remaining compared to temperate climates after a year of decomposition. The prokaryotic microbiome community composition was significantly different between substrate types and sampling times within and across ecosystem types. Microbial indicator analyses suggested putative metabolic pathways common across ecosystems were used to breakdown the tea litter, including increased presence of putative methylotrophs and sulphur oxidisers linked to the introduction of oxygen by root in-growth over the incubation period. Structural equation modelling analyses further highlighted the importance of incubation time on tea decomposition and prokaryotic microbiome community succession, particularly for rooibos tea that experienced a greater proportion of mass loss between three and twelve months compared to green tea. These results provide insights into ecosystem-level attributes that affect both the abiotic and biotic controls of belowground wetland carbon turnover at a continental scale, while also highlighting new decay dynamics for tea litter decomposing under longer incubations.
Display omitted
•We studied tea litter decay and microbiomes across four wetland types in Australia•Ecosystem type had greatest effect on tea decay and prokaryotic community structure•Decay rates in freshwater and tidal marsh wetlands were higher in warmer climates•Microbiome community succession related to organic matter and oxygen availability•Salinity and inundation conditions may have controlled belowground decay processes
•Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the hydrogen bond interaction.•NBO analysis validates the stability and charge delocalization of the molecule.•FMO energy gap reflects the chemical reactivity of ...molecule.•DORI analysis indicates intra- and intermolecular interactions.
In the present study, the compound morpholinium perchlorate (MP) was explored using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical computations. A TD-DFT method was employed to study the charge transfer ionic interaction strategy to identify the electronic transition exhibited in the UV–visible spectrum, and vibrational analysis of FT-IR and FT-Raman was also measured experimentally. Natural population analysis and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface analysis of the molecule were performed to predict the molecule's reactive site. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) and natural charge analysis were used to study the charge transfer interaction. The nature of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are analyzed by using reduced density gradient (RDG), density overlap region indicator (DORI) analysis, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Electron localization function (ELF) and analysis provide new insight into the chemical bonding of MP. The NLO activity of the studied compound was highlighted by computing the first and second order hyperpolarizability. In the current investigation, the effects of MP and a few morpholinium derivatives were contrasted in terms of molecular geometry, vibrational assessment, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and NLO effects. According to the results, the MP can be effectively used as an optical limiter in optoelectronics.
Display omitted
Display omitted
•A novel saving-energy SEP process for recovering EG is proposed.•A multiple indicator analysis system for energy-saving process exploration is established.•The steam consumption for ...the novel SEP process was 30.49% lower than that of BSP.
Energy-saving separation processes for ethylene glycol (EG) were investigated. These processes were a basic separation process (BSP), a first-grade energy-saving process (FEP), and a secondary energy-saving process (SEP). The optimal operating parameters for each process were determined through multiple indicator analysis-based energy, exergy, environment, and economic performance. The energy analysis results indicated that the steam consumption of EG dehydration decreased from 12.21% to 0.64%, and the steam consumption of EG refined (EGR) decreased from 20.89% to 3.20%. Furthermore, the total steam consumption for the SEP was 30.49% lower than that of the BSP. The exergy analysis showed that the 50.69% exergy destruction and the 15.64% exergy loss recorded for the SEP were lower than those for BSP, which were 43.42% and 9.50% lower than for the FEP. Both the flow rate and cost of waste gas emissions for the SEP were reduced by 31.18%. The total annual cost (TAC), operating cost (OC), and equipment cost for the SEP were 2.95 × 106 $/y, 3.47 × 106 $/y and 4.06 × 106 $/y, respectively. The TAC and OC of the SEP process decreased by 11.20% and 13.16%, respectively, compared to the benchmarked BSP process. The novel SEP process shows high energy efficiency, low economic cost, and low exergy loss, and has great industrial application prospects compared to the benchmarked process.
The optimal utilization of an energy storage system (ESS) is key to transforming energy systems from coal to renewable base. This study proposed a multi-objective optimization method for designing ...energy systems, a multi-criteria evaluation method for analyzing ESS and its suitability in an energy system, and a novel ESS scheduling strategy. A grid-connected energy system including wind power, photovoltaic, and ESSs was considered for responding to electricity demands, wherein multi-criteria assessments for technical, economic, and environmental aspects, with total cost and self-sufficiency as the objective functions, were implemented. The results demonstrated the significant potential of ESS through comparisons of performance of energy systems with and without ESS. In fact, self-sufficiency and self-consumption improvement can reach 21.57% and 32.84% respectively, and the non renewable primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions both up to 60.63% could be avoided. This study provides practical guidance for preliminary energy system analysis and construction planning as well as technical support for policy makers when deciding on project construction.
•Multi-objective optimization method for designing energy systems.•Multi-criteria evaluation method for analyzing ESS and its suitability.•Novel a ESS scheduling strategy to simultaneously improve multiple indicators.•Practical guidance for preliminary energy system analysis, construction planning.•Technical support for policy makers when deciding on project construction.
