Infection by Leptospira sp., mainly strains from the Sejroe serogroup, impairs the reproductive efficiency of ruminants leading to economic losses. Although the majority of experimental studies use ...the intraperitoneal route of leptospiral infection, it has been suggested that natural infection occurs frequently by sexual transmission. Thus, we assessed the genital route of infection to study genital leptospirosis in the sheep model. A strain of L. borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe, serovar Hardjobovis was inoculated in 18 ewes, divided into three groups for inoculation: intraperitoneal (n=6; Gip), cervical superficial (genital) (n=6; Ggen) and conjunctival (n=6; Gconj). Monthly, for 90 days, blood samples were collected for serology (MAT) and PCR was performed on urine, cervical-vaginal mucus, and uterine fragments. All ewes were successfully infected, independently of the infection route. Gip and Ggen did not differ throughout the experiment, either on seroconversion or on PCR positivity on urine or genital samples. In contrast, Gconj presented fewer seroreactive animals (P<0.05) and fewer PCR-pos on genital samples than the other groups. The results obtained demonstrated that, although all groups presented both urinary and genital infections, the genital route was more efficient and did not differ from the traditional intraperitoneal. It indicates that genital via, besides being a naturally occurring transmission via, represents a promising and interesting route regarding future studies related to genital leptospirosis in ruminants, and its use should be encouraged.
•All ewes were successfully infected, independently of the infection route.•The three routes were able to induce seroconversion.•The genital via presented similar results to the intraperitoneal route.•The conjunctival route was reported to be less efficient mucosal via.
Abstract
A fine-grained fusion zone characterises a tough aluminium weld. To improve the solidification characteristics and refine the grains in aluminium welding, different inoculation particle ...combinations were introduced to the filler wire by solid state metal screw extrusion. Filler wires were I-joint welded with two different welding methods to reveal the potency for grain refinement. Grain size, microstructure, porosity content, and hardness across the weld was revealed. Gas metal arc welding with a Ti-TiC inoculated filler wire exhibited a remarkable grain refinement of 91% compared to a base reference of commercial pure aluminium. The Al
$$_3$$
3
Ti intermetallic phase was found as nucleation point. Gas tungsten arc welding showed lower grain refinement potency, and no Al
$$_3$$
3
Ti phase was found in any weld. Thus, the effect of welding method must be taken into consideration upon development of inoculant containing filler wires.
Aims
This study builds upon the premise that roots culture distinct bacteria at specific stages of plant growth to benefit of specific microbial services needed at that particular growth stage. ...Accordingly, we hypothesized that the co‐inoculation of beneficial microbes with distinct properties at specific stages of plant development would enhance plant performance.
Methods and Results
The chosen microbes were Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mojavensis and Pseudomonas putida. These microbes were selected based on their specific services ranging from nutrient solubilization, root growth promotion and disease resistance, and were applied to the roots of tomato plants at specific time points when those services were needed the most by the plant. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of co‐inoculation at specific stages of development compared to single microbial applications.
Conclusion
In general, the combination of three microbes gave the highest biomass and yield without the presence of disease. Applications of three microbes showed the highest root/shoot ratio, and applications of four microbes the lowest ratio. Pseudomonas putida significantly increased fruit macronutrient and micronutrient contents.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Our studies suggest that co‐inoculation of three or four microbes is a good strategy for healthy crop production.
A key step in the study of tree pathology is the identification of an appropriate method for inoculating pathogens of diseases in branches and trunks. Pathogens of diseases in branches and trunks are ...commonly inoculated through punching, burning, and toothpick inoculation. However, there is a lack of comparative analyses of the inoculation outcomes of these three methods. In this work, six-year-old
var.
were inoculated with
using punching, burning, and toothpick techniques to investigate the differences in the effectiveness of these inoculation methods. Results reveal that the incidence rate was 93.55% in the toothpick inoculation group, significantly higher than the 80.65% in the burning inoculation group (chi-square,
= 90,
= 0.007), while punching inoculation exhibited significant pathological responses in the early stages, with spontaneous healing in the later stage. Additionally, toothpick inoculation was more efficient in inducing
canker when inoculating the pathogen at the bottom of the tree, with lower intra- and inter-row spacing (stand density) providing better outcomes than higher intra- and inter-row spacing. The results of this study demonstrate that toothpick inoculation is an optimal option for studying the artificial inoculation of
in six-year-old
var.
, providing technical support for research on poplar diseases and offering a theoretical basis for the inoculation of other diseases in the branch and trunk.
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been accompanied by a large amount of misleading and false information about the virus, especially on social media. In this article, we ...explore the coronavirus "infodemic" and how behavioral scientists may seek to address this problem. We detail the scope of the problem and discuss the negative influence that COVID-19 misinformation can have on the widespread adoption of health protective behaviors in the population. In response, we explore how insights from the behavioral sciences can be leveraged to manage an effective societal response to curb the spread of misinformation about the virus. In particular, we discuss the theory of psychological inoculation (or
) as an efficient vehicle for conferring large-scale psychological resistance against fake news.
•The development of a reliable grain refiner for Al–Si cast alloy is reported.•The theoretical and fundamental aspects of Nb–B inoculation are discussed.•The effect of Nb–B inoculation on binary ...Al–Si alloys is assessed.•Grain size and undercooling of the refined on binary Al–Si alloys is analysed.
The effect of Nb–B inoculation on Al–Si alloys for their grain refinement has been studied through the analysis of binary Al–xSi (where x=1–10wt.%) to avoid possible effects of other alloying elements. In Part I of this work the concept development of the Nb–B inoculation is discussed in detail on the basis of the theoretical and fundamental concepts employed (i.e. pro-peritectic particles formation, lattice structures and mismatch as well as analogies between the Al–Ti/Al–Nb or Ti–Si/Nb–Si binary phase diagrams). The systematic study of the addition of different level of Nb–B inoculation to pure Al permitted to determine the best addition rate. From the microstructural and thermal analysis of binary Al–xSi alloys it is found that Nb–B inoculation is highly suitable for Al–Si alloy with Si content greater than 6wt.%. As results of the Nb–B inoculation the microstructural features of binary Al–xSi alloys (i.e. primary Al α-grains and eutectic phase) are significantly refined. Most importantly, the inoculation of Al–Si cast alloys with Nb–B is not characterised by any visible poisoning effect (i.e. formation of silicides) which is the drawback of using commercial Al–Ti–B master alloys on Al cast alloys. The effect of Nb–B inoculation on commercial Al–Si alloys (which normally include other alloying elements in their chemical composition) is assessed in Part II of this work.
The use of selected
and non-
strains as mixed starters has advantages over pure fermentation due to achieving wine products with distinctive and diversified aroma expected by consumers. To obtain a ...way to improve the aroma diversity and increase the differentiation of wine product, in this study, the aromatic effect of multi-culture of indigenous
(
12), simultaneous and sequential inoculation with two
strains (indigenous icewine yeast
45 and commercial yeast BDX) with different enological characteristics were investigated in laboratory-scale 20 L fermenter, respectively. The results showed that
co-fermented with different
strain could generate diversified physicochemical and aromatic quality of wine as evidenced by PCA. Mixed fermentation of
45/
12 produced higher contents of higher alcohol (3-methyl-1-pentanol and phenylethyl alcohol), ethyl esters (ethyl decanoate and ethyl butanoate), terpenes and phenylacetaldehyde with less fatty acids (hexanoic acid, octanoic acid) and acetic acid, while BDX/
12 generated more C
alcohol (1-hexanol) and acetate esters (ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate). Compared to simultaneous inoculation, sequential inoculation could achieve higher aroma diversity, and generate higher intensity of fruity, flowery and sweet attributes of wine as assessed by calculating the odor activity values. The different
strain and inoculation method in alcoholic fermentation could further influence the formations of aromatic compounds in malolactic fermentation. Our results highlighted the importance of
strain in shaping the aromatic quality of wine in mixed fermentation, and also suggested that using different
strains with distinct aromatic characteristics co-fermentation with specific non-
strain is a potential way to increase the aromatic diversity and quality of wine product, which could provide an alternative way to meet the requirement of wine consumers for diversified aromatic quality.
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is an emerging whitefly‐borne species of begomovirus in Mediterranean regions that poses a severe threat to cucurbit crops of the genus Cucurbita. Until now, only two ...sources of resistance have been identified in Cucurbita spp., these being PI604506 (cv. Large Cheese) and PI381814 (Indian landrace), both of C. moschata. The resistance of cv. Large Cheese is conferred by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 8. The objective of the present investigation was to screen for tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) resistance among 105 accessions drawn from five species of Cucurbita and, if high resistance was found in any of them, determine the mode of inheritance. Screening was conducted using whitefly‐mediated inoculation on all 105 accessions. The accessions showing some resistance were further screened by mechanical inoculation as well as by quantitative PCR‐based diagnostics. The results showed that, overall, the accessions of C. pepo and C. maxima were the most susceptible, those of C. argyrosperma and C. ecuadorensis intermediate, and those of C. moschata most resistant to ToLCNDV. Only one accession of C. moschata, BSUAL‐252, originating from Japan, was highly resistant to ToLCNDV, showing no symptoms after either method of inoculation, and absence of virus accumulation. Upon crossing BSUAL‐252 with a susceptible accession of C. moschata, BSUAL‐265, the resistance was observed to be conferred by a single dominant gene. This gene is not linked to the genomic region on chromosome 8 where the locus of the previously identified recessive gene for ToLCNDV resistance resides.
The Cucurbita moschata BSUAL‐252 is a new source of resistance to ToLCNDV discovered in a massive screening of the genus, which will be useful to produce resistant lines in breeding programmes of Cucurbita species.
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