Massive MIMO systems are appropriate technology for providing service to numerous high-rate Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In uncoordinated access, devices are not required to inform the BS when ...they have transmitted the pilot. Consequently, the current paper focuses on channel tracking of both active and inactive devices in an uncoordinated practical scenario. To this end, some suboptimal algorithms are introduced due to the intractability of the optimal uncoordinated practical scenario (O-UPS) tracker. An efficient MMSE-UPS (M-UPS) tracker is developed by inferring the concept of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm per access slot, resulting in a significant reduction in complexity. The performance of M-UPS is shown to be monotonically non-decreasing, concerning the increase in the activity probability of devices. When the channel state is stable, the following results are analyzed: I) upper and lower bounds for the MSE of M-UPS, II) stability and convergence of M-UPS, and III) a tight upper bound on the efficiency degradation between O-UPS and M-UPS. Furthermore, a necessary and sufficient condition to prove the stability of M-UPS for an unstable channel state is characterized. It is demonstrated that, under a certain assumption, the M-UPS tracker's error converges to O-UPS. More importantly, this paper indicates that the stability and convergence of M-UPS are identical to those of O-UPS, which is a significant property of M-UPS. Moreover, a new heuristic tracker is developed, and its stability under a necessary assumption is examined using Riccati difference equations. Finally, the simulation results reveal the designed trackers' performance.
Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the evolutionary directions of the Internet. This paper focuses on the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation-based IoT services for their irreplaceable ...functions. In many cases, IoT devices are distributed in remote areas (e.g., desert, ocean, and forest) in some special applications, they are placed in some extreme topography, where are unable to have direct terrestrial network accesses and can only be covered by satellite. Comparing with the traditional geostationary earth orbit (GEO) systems, LEO satellite constellation has the advantages of low propagation delay, small propagation loss and global coverage. Furthermore, revision of existing IoT protocol are necessary to enhance the compatibility of the LEO satellite constellation-based IoT with terrestrial IoT systems. In this paper, we provide an overview of the architecture of the LEO satellite constellation-based IoT including the following topics: LEO satellite constellation structure, efficient spectrum allocation, heterogeneous networks compatibility, and access and routing protocols.
Edge services provide an effective and superior means of real-time transmissions and rapid processing of information in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, the continuous increase of ...the number of smart devices results in privacy leakage and insufficient model accuracy of edge services. To tackle these challenges, in this article, we propose a blockchain-based machine learning framework for edge services (BML-ES) in IIoT. Specifically, we construct novel smart contracts to encourage multiparty participation of edge services to improve the efficiency of data processing. Moreover, we propose an aggregation strategy to verify and aggregate model parameters to ensure the accuracy of decision tree models. Finally, based on the SM2 public key cryptosystem, we protect data security and prevent data privacy leakage in edge services. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments indicate that the BML-ES framework is secure, effective, and efficient, and is better suitable to improve the accuracy of edge services in IIoT.
Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact ...with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.
This paper explores the role of Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on supply chain management (SCM) through an extensive literature review. Important aspects of IoT in SCM are covered including ...IoT definition, main IoT technology enablers and various SCM processes and applications. We offer several categorisation of the extant literature, such as based on methodology, industry sector and focus on a classification based on major supply chain processes. In addition, a bibliometric analysis of the literature is also presented. We find that most studies have focused on conceptualising the impact of IoT with limited analytical models and empirical studies. In addition, most studies have focused on the delivery supply chain process and the food and manufacturing supply chains. Areas of future SCM research that can support IoT implementation are also identified.
The explosive growth of smart objects and their dependency on wireless technologies for communication increases the vulnerability of Internet of Things (IoT) to cyberattacks. Cyberattacks faced by ...IoT present daunting challenges to digital forensic experts. Researchers adopt various forensic techniques to investigate such attacks. These techniques aim to track internal and external attacks by emphasizing on communication mechanisms and IoT’s architectural vulnerabilities. In this study, we explore IoT’s novel factors affecting traditional computer forensics. We investigate recent studies on IoT forensics by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. We categorize and classify the literature by devising a taxonomy based on forensics phases, enablers, networks, sources of evidence, investigation modes, forensics models, forensics layers, forensics tools, and forensics data processing. We also enumerate a few prominent use cases of IoT forensics and present the key requirements for enabling IoT forensics. Finally, we identify and discuss several indispensable open research challenges as future research directions.
•We explore IoT’s novel factors affecting traditional computer forensics.•We investigate the state-of-the-art research on IoT forensics.•We categorize and classify the literature by devising a taxonomy.•We enumerate a few notable use cases and highlight the key requirements for enabling IoT forensics.•We identify and discuss several indispensable open research challenges.
The mobile industry is developing and preparing to deploy the fifth-generation (5G) networks. The evolving 5G networks are becoming more readily available as a significant driver of the growth of IoT ...and other intelligent automation applications. 5G’s lightning-fast connection and low-latency are needed for advances in intelligent automation—the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), driverless cars, digital reality, blockchain, and future breakthroughs we haven’t even thought of yet. The advent of 5G is more than just a generational step; it opens a new world of possibilities for every tech industry. The purpose of this paper is to do a literature review and explore how 5G can enable or streamline intelligent automation in different industries. This paper reviews the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology underscores the importance of 5G revolutionary networks, reviews its key enabling technologies, examines its trends and challenges, explores its applications in different manufacturing industries, and highlights its role in shaping the age of unlimited connectivity, intelligent automation, and industry digitization.
The advancement of technologies over years has poised Internet of Things (IoT) to scoop out untapped information and communication technology opportunities. It is anticipated that IoT will handle the ...gigantic network of billions of devices to deliver plenty of smart services to the users. Undoubtedly, this will make our life more resourceful but at the cost of high energy consumption and carbon footprint. Consequently, there is a high demand for green communication to reduce energy consumption, which requires optimal resource availability and controlled power levels. In contrast to this, IoT devices are constrained in terms of resources-memory, power, and computation. Low power wide area (LPWA) technology is a response to the need for efficient utilization of power resource, as it evinces characteristics such as the capability to proffer low power connectivity to a huge number of devices spread over wide geographical areas at low cost. Various LPWA technologies, such as LoRa and SigFox, exist in the market, offering a proficient solution to the users. However, in order to abstain the need of new infrastructure (like base station) that is required for proprietary technologies, a new cellular-based licensed technology, narrowband IoT (NBIoT), is introduced by 3GPP in Rel-13. This technology presents a good candidature to handle LPWA market because of its characteristics like enhanced indoor coverage, low power consumption, latency insensitivity, and massive connection support towards NBIoT. This survey presents a profound view of IoT and NBIoT, subsuming their technical features, resource allocation, and energy-efficiency techniques and applications. The challenges that hinder the NBIoT path to success are also identified and discussed. In this paper, two novel energy-efficient techniques "zonal thermal pattern analysis" and energy-efficient adaptive health monitoring system have been proposed towards green IoT.
Edge enabled Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platform is of great significance to accelerate the development of smart industry. However, with the dramatic increase in real-time IIoT ...applications, it is a great challenge to support fast response time, low latency, and efficient bandwidth utilization. To address this issue, time sensitive network (TSN) is recently researched to realize low latency communication via deterministic scheduling. To the best of our knowledge, the combinability of multiple flows, which can significantly affect the scheduling performance, has never been systematically analyzed before. In this article, we first analyze the combinability problem. Then, a noncollision theory based deterministic scheduling (NDS) method is proposed to achieve ultralow latency communication for the time-sensitive flows. Moreover, to improve bandwidth utilization, a dynamic queue scheduling (DQS) method is presented for the best-effort flows. Experiment results demonstrate that NDS/DQS can well support deterministic ultralow latency services and guarantee efficient bandwidth utilization.
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