Reports an error in "Opposing contributions of psychologically distinct components of empathy to empathic accuracy" by Ananya Mayukha, Isabel Andrade and Jeremy Cone (
, Advanced Online Publication, ...May 14, 2020, np). In the original article, significance levels indicated by the asterisks in Table 2 are incorrect. The corrected Table 2 is given in erratum. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2020-31909-001). What is it that provides us an accurate window into the thoughts and feelings of others? Although, intuitively, it might seem as though trait empathy would enhance this ability, research has produced decidedly mixed results, ultimately failing to uncover robust, systematic relationships between the two. Recent research has suggested, however, that different facets of empathy-emotional contagion, on the one hand, and empathic concern, on the other-are psychologically distinct and result in different behavioral tendencies (Jordan, Amir, & Bloom, 2016). In 5 preregistered studies involving nearly 2,600 participants, we assessed the opposing contributions of these distinct facets of empathy to empathic accuracy. We found that whereas trait concern is beneficial to empathic accuracy, trait contagion is, paradoxically, detrimental. These patterns emerged across 4 different measures of empathic accuracy that involve emotional and mental states communicated through the eyes (Study 1), paralinguistic cues in the voice (Study 2), facial expressions (Studies 2 and 4), and cues presented during a mock interview (Study 3). Moreover, in Study 4, we identified rational thinking style as a mechanism for these opposing effects. Whereas those who exhibit contagion tend to be less rational, those who exhibit concern tend to be more rational. These differences in cognitive style mediate the opposing relationships of contagion and concern with interpersonal accuracy. Our studies thus highlight the value of empirically separating psychologically distinct facets of empathy to more accurately characterize their independent contributions to interpersonal processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Some studies show that people with friends of different races also have lower levels of implicit racial bias. Yet, other studies do not replicate this finding. The omission of political parties from ...this research may explain its contradictory results, given the central role that race has played in the polarization of US society. Recent scholarship shows that political partisanship influences whether intergroup friendships improve explicit (i.e. conscious) attitudes. However, no studies have asked if friendships with African Americans have differing effects on white Democrats' and Republicans' anti-Black implicit bias. This paper examines this question by analyzing Race IAT and survey responses from 1,868 white Americans. Results reveal that white Democrats and Republicans maintain friendships with African Americans at similar rates. Yet, having Black friends only predicts weaker anti-Black implicit bias among white Democrats. This finding suggests that partisan differences in interracial friendship dynamics may shape implicit racial attitudes.
This study aimed to investigate the differences and similarities between the future expectations for conjugality of married women of three age groups, from the perspective of interpersonal ...relationships (Hinde, 1997). Thirty-five married middle-income class women with children were interviewed: 11 aged between 20 and 30 years old (group A), 12 aged between 35 and 54 years old (group B), and 12 aged between 60 and 78 years old (group C). They were asked what their future expectations for married life would be. Thematic analysis of the data was carried out. There were more differences than similarities between the women's responses. The expectations of the respondents included the desire to live and grow old together, work, leisure (groups A, B and C), mutual understanding, the desire to have more children and to see them grow (groups A and B), the couple's health, God and religion, companionship, mutual respect (groups B and C), union and sexuality (group B). This study contributed so that the participants could reflect on their expectations regarding conjugality. It cooperates for studies in the field of interpersonal relationships and for professionals who work with the aforementioned theme.
Keywords: Interpersonal relationships; marriage; women.
Este estudo teve por objetivo pesquisar as diferenças e as semelhanças entre as expectativas futuras para a conjugalidade de mulheres casadas, de três faixas etárias, na óptica do relacionamento interpessoal (Hinde, 1997). Entrevistaram-se 35 mulheres casadas, sendo 11 de 20 a 30 anos (grupo A), 12 de 35 a 54 anos (grupo B), e 12 de 60 a 78 anos (grupo C) com filhos, na classe média. Perguntou-se a elas quais seriam as suas expectativas futuras para a vida conjugal. Realizou-se a análise temática dos dados. Constataram-se mais diferenças que semelhanças entre as respostas das mulheres. As expectativas das entrevistadas incluíram o desejo de conviver e envelhecer junto, o trabalho, o lazer (grupos A, B e C), a compreensão mútua, a vontade de ter mais filhos e de vê-los crescer (grupos A e B), a saúde do casal, Deus e a religião, o companheirismo, o respeito mútuo (grupos B e C), a união e a sexualidade (grupo B). Este trabalho contribuiu para que as participantes pudessem refletir acerca de suas expectativas a respeito da conjugalidade, coopera para os estudos no campo dos relacionamentos interpessoais e para profissionais que trabalham com o referido tema.
Palavras-chave: Relações interpessoais; casamento; mulheres.
•Online dating websites are popular globally.•Users of American dating websites tend to maximize their relationship chances and prefer less committed relationships.•Users of Chinese dating websites ...tend to seek for more committed relationships.•Users of American dating websites adopt self-enhancing strategies to attract potential partners.•Users of Chinese dating websites adopt self-effacement strategies to attract potential partners.
We investigate the cross-cultural differences in relationship goals and self-presentation strategies by users of American dating websites (n = 300) and Hong Kong Chinese dating websites (n = 300). Results showed that users of American dating websites were more likely to maximize their relationship chances and had a greater preference for less committed relationships (e.g., friends, sexual interest); while users of Chinese dating websites were more likely to initiate more committed relationships (e.g., romantic partners, soulmates). Moreover, American website users adopted a self-enhancing presentation strategy (e.g., stating positive, superior self-attributes and emphasizing self-uniqueness in their personal advertisements), while Chinese website users adopted a self-effacement presentation strategy (e.g., disclosing also negative, inferior self-attributes and expressing feeling of loneliness in their personal advertisements). The observed findings are discussed in the framework of relational mobility.
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A large literature on nonverbal behavior demonstrates that information from body cues can inform our impressions of others. This work, however, has largely focused on perceptions of White targets. ...The current experiments extend this research by investigating the impact of body poses on trait attributions, professional evaluations, and interpersonal relations for both White and Black targets. In four studies, participants were presented with images of White and Black targets with expansive and constrictive poses. Not surprisingly, Experiment 1 revealed that expansive relative to constrictive poses increased perceptions of dominance for targets of both races. Furthermore, for White and Black targets, perceptions of dominance from expansive poses were mediated by greater attributions of competence. For Black but not White targets, however, perceptions of dominance from expansive poses were mediated by greater attributions of aggression. Three additional experiments examined the influence of poses on evaluations in professional and interpersonal contexts. Experiment 2 indicated that expansive compared to constrictive poses led to greater expectations of professional success for White than Black targets. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that expansive compared to constrictive poses led to a greater willingness to interact in an interpersonal setting with White but not Black targets. Attributions of aggression related to expansive poses by Black targets reduced the likelihood that they were chosen as interaction partners. The implications of these findings for understanding body perception and race relations are discussed.
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The article examines the relationship between the idea of self-greed as a personality trait that contributes to the best results for themselves, at the expense of others, or by ignoring their needs, ...and psychological well-being, which is determined from the standpoint of eudemonistic approach. The survey method was used to determine the attitude of the subjects to their own well-being and greed; K. Riff's scale of psychological well-being (adaptation by T. Shevelenkova, P. Fesenko, 2005) to measure actual psychological well-being; methods of studying the semantic space of the concept of "greed" (Yanovska S., Lyutenko R., 2017), methods of statistical data processing. The sample (N = 141) aged 25 to 35 years, residents of Kharkiv, including 83 women and 58 men who had a job during the study, but 31 people worked part-time due to the coronavirus pandemic situation. It was determined that most of the subjects have an average level of psychological well-being and greed. Their ideas about psychological well-being are primarily related to health, material security, opportunities for self-development, independence and confidence in the future. Subjects are characterized as frugal, frugal people who understand moderation. They can share with others if it does not conflict with their own needs. The attitude to greed is ambiguous: most respondents consider greed a negative human trait, but there is also the opinion that greed is a motivating force of society. Significant links have been established between perceptions of one's own greed and a person's psychological well-being. A high level of greed reduces the number of trusting relationships, destroys interpersonal relationships and makes a person dependent. A person's moderate greed helps to increase his control over what is happening around him, creates the conditions and circumstances that are necessary to meet personal needs and achieve goals in problematic and uncertain conditions. The less a person uses others to meet his own needs, the greater his psychological well-being.
Objective: Drawing on minority stress perspectives, we investigated the therapy experiences of individuals in consensually nonmonogamous (CNM) relationships. Method: We recruited a community sample ...of 249 individuals engaged in CNM relationships across the U.S. and Canada. Confirmatory factor analysis structural equation modeling was used to analyze client perceptions of therapist practices in a number of exemplary practices (affirming of CNM) or inappropriate practices (biased, inadequate, or not affirming of CNM), and their associations with evaluations of therapy. Open-end responses about what clients found very helpful and very unhelpful were also analyzed. Results: Exemplary and inappropriate practices constituted separate but related patterns of therapist conduct. As expected, perceptions of exemplary and inappropriate practices predicted therapist helpfulness ratings and whether participants prematurely terminated their therapeutic relationships. Qualitative results point toward the importance of having/pursuing knowledge about CNM and using affirming, nonjudgmental practices. Conclusions: Therapists are positioned to either combat or perpetuate the minority stress faced by individuals engaged in CNM. The results of this study highlight the need for additional research, training, and guidelines regarding CNM clients and their therapy experiences.
What is the public health significance of this article?
This study highlights how certain therapist practices relate to the experiences of clients who are in consensually nonmonogamous (CNM) relationships. The results identify practices that are perceived as generally helpful or unhelpful, and point to the need for additional research, training, and guidelines to bridge therapists' knowledge gap regarding CNM.
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Objective: Limited data are available on the prevalence and patterns of body weight discrimination from representative samples. This study examined experiences of weight/height discrimination in a ...nationally representative sample of US adults and compared their prevalence and patterns with discrimination experiences based on race and gender. Method and procedures: Data were from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, a 1995-1996 community-based survey of English-speaking adults aged 25-74 (N=2290). Reported experiences of weight/height discrimination included a variety of institutional settings and interpersonal relationships. Multivariate regression analyses were used to predict weight/height discrimination controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and body weight status. Results: The prevalence of weight/height discrimination ranged from 5% among men to 10% among women, but these average percentages obscure the much higher risk of weight discrimination among heavier individuals (40% for adults with body mass index (BMI) of 35 and above). Younger individuals with a higher BMI had a particularly high risk of weight/height discrimination regardless of their race, education and weight status. Women were at greater risk for weight/height discrimination than men, especially women with a BMI of 30-35 who were three times more likely to report weight/height discrimination compared to male peers of a similar weight. Discussion: Weight/height discrimination is prevalent in American society and is relatively close to reported rates of racial discrimination, particularly among women. Both institutional forms of weight/height discrimination (for example, in employment settings) and interpersonal mistreatment due to weight/height (for example, being called names) were common, and in some cases were even more prevalent than discrimination due to gender and race.
One barrier to fully understanding and treating the interpersonal difficulties associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders is a current lack of suitable methodology, which aligns with ...contemporary interpersonal theory and offers a comprehensive assessment of interpersonal judgment. Specifically, no standardized behavioral interpersonal assessment exists that assesses the accuracy and biases of both interpersonal perceptions and anticipated reactions in a dyadic interaction. The present study presents the development and initial validation of a novel methodology, the Video-based Interpersonal Behavioral Evaluation (VIBE), which (a) utilizes a dynamic (i.e., video-based) behavioral assessment method, (b) assesses the accuracy and biases of both interpersonal perceptions and anticipated reactions, and (c) aligns with interpersonal theory and the structure of the interpersonal circumplex. The VIBE is anticipated to better direct research efforts investigating the interpersonal judgments of individuals with a variety of clinical presentations and ultimately aid in the development of more specifically targeted treatment interventions.
Public Significance Statement
This study develops and cross-validates a behavioral assessment tool that can be used to examine individuals' perceptions and anticipated reactions in interpersonal situations, relative to those of others.
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Although the relationships between emotional abuse and behavior problems have been explored for several decades, the pathways from emotional abuse to behavior problems are still unclear, particularly ...in the Chinese cultural context. The present study aimed to verify the relationships between emotional abuse and behavior problems and examine the role of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in these relationships in a sample of Chinese preschool-aged children. Data were collected from 218 children (Ages 3 years and 6 months-7 years), emotional abuse and behavior problems were reported by parents, including the parental version of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tools and the Child Behavior Checklist, and HCC were analyzed in the lab with a mass spectrometer. The results showed that emotional abuse was positively associated with behavior problems and HCC, and HCC were negatively associated with behavior problems. Moreover, HCC partially mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and behavior problems. The findings suggest that emotional abuse may overact the stress response systems; the HCC may be a mechanism linking emotional abuse to behavior problems. Additionally, the significance and limitations of the results were discussed.
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