In the last century and a half, average summer temperatures have slowly been rising worldwide. The most observable consequence of this is the change in glacier sizes. For monitoring glacier area and ...volume, various measuring techniques exist-from measurements with a measuring tape and geodetic measurements to remote sensing and photogrammetry. A comparison of different measuring techniques on two Slovenian glaciers (the Triglav and Skuta glaciers) and two Austrian glaciers (the Gossnitzkees and Hornkees glaciers) is made. A long-term glacial retreat trend is presented for the Gossnitzkees, Hornkees, and Triglav glaciers because these glaciers can be monitored throughout the entire twentieth century by means of archival data. Despite their different sizes, the annual trend of glacial retreat was approximately the same in the period between 1929 and 2006.
This paper explores the problems caused by human impact with settlements and infrastructure in the surface water bodies, especially in potential flood plans. Moreover, the principles and obligations ...of the EU Flood Directive (2007/60/EC), which supplements the Water Frame Directive, are discussed. The principles and obligations of this directive have been introduced in Slovenia by local legislation: Decree on conditions and limitations for constructions and activities on flood risk areas (OG RS, No. 89/2008) and Rules on methodology to define flood risk areas and erosion areas connected to floods and classification of plots into risk classes (OG RS, No. 60/2007). Some features and obligations of state-ofthe-art hydraulic mathematical models for surface water dynamics simulation are described. Several problems encountered in developing the models and simulating problems are described; these involve using temporarily available geodetic data of the river beds and flood plans and some suggestions for improving of the modelling are made.
SI: Originalnih listov sistemskih kart tretje vojaške izmere avstro-ogrske monarhije zaradi trapeznega formata ne moremo stično mozaičiti v ravnini. Če želimo izdelati digitalni mozaik listov, jih ...moramo transformirati, in če jih želimo uporabiti hkrati z drugimi podatki v GIS-u, jih moramo tudi georeferencirati. Namesto originalnih projekcij, ki so na vsakem listu drugačne, smo definirali niz sinusoidnih projekcij, in sicer enotne projekcije za vsak posamezen stolpec listov. Sinusoidna projekcija omogoča primeren približek za prvotne trapezaste oblike in je primerna glede na dejansko velikost listov. Vsak list je bil nato rektificiran (izravnan) v ustrezno projekcijo in nato preprojiciran v splošno stožčno projekcijo, definirano za končen mozaik. Po izvedbi vseh operacij se digitalna vsebina listov medsebojno dovolj dobro ujema za izdelavo georeferenciranega mozaika. Lokacijski parametri geodetskega datuma, uporabljeni za transformacijo v današnji koordinatni sistem, so naslednji: dX = +600 m, dY = +205 m, dZ = +437 m. Ti podatki omogočajo točno in natančno ujemanje s fundamentalno točko na Hermannskoglu. Zara i neenotne izravnave (neuporabe enotnega datuma) celotnega sistema geodetskih točk so v modernem usklajenem modelu posamezna območja in torej tudi sistemske karte monarhije lokalno-sistematično uravnani z zamikom do 220 metrov. EN: The original map sheets of the third military survey of the Austro-Hungarian Empire cannot be mosaicked in their original, printed form as their format is uneven and trapezoidal. To make a digitized raster mosaic of individual sheets, they should all be transformed, as well as georeferenced for applications in GIS. Instead of the original projections, which vary from sheet to sheet, a series of sinusoid projections was defined, one unique projection for each sheet column. The sinusoid projection provides an appropriate approximation of the original trapezoid forms and size of the sheets. Each sheet was rectified in the respective projection MOZAIÈENJE LISTOV KART MERILA 1 : 75.000 TRETJE VOJAŠKE IZMERE AVSTRO-OGRSKE and then reprojected to a general conic projection, defined for the final mosaic. After all the operations were carried out, the transformed digital content of the sheets adequately fits together to make a georeferenced mosaic. The location parameters of the geodetic date used for transformation to modern projection systems are the following: dX = +600 m, dY = +205 m, dZ = +437 m. These figures give exact fit at the Hermannskogel reference point. Because of the not unified geodetic adjustment of the original base point system, using one unified date causes a maximum error of 220 m throughout the whole territory of the Empire and the adjacent area on the maps.
The regular measurements of Triglav glacier on yearly basis began in 1946. At first the measurements involved hand measurements of glacier retreat from permanently marked points on rocks around ...theglacier. First tahimetric measurements were performed in year 1952. These measurements were used for map drawing and measurement of before mentioned permanently marked points. The next tahimetricmeasurements followed in 1995. With the year 1999 regular photogrammetric measurements of Triglav glacier began on biannual basis, with different geodetic measurements of control points included. The article describes a history of geodetic field-work on Triglav glacier. Mainly geodetic measurements were performed in local coordinate system, which should be transformed in global coordinate system to enable a comparison of different time cross-section.
The optimization of geodetic measurements is described in this paper. It is a part of the geodetic survey design procedure and gives the answers to important questions, which we would normally deal ...with at the end, when analysing the quality of the results obtained. The basic criteria for optimization of geodetic measurements are described, such as accurracy, reliability and costs of the geodetic survey, according to which the optimisation is performed. At the end three examples of the second order design ofgeodetic measurements are presented.
The paper gives the outline of the modern physical height systems which are based on levelling and gravity surveys. Also, the Slovenian vertical networks are presented (vertical datum and height ...system) with all their drawbacks. The adoption of the new modern height system and determination of the new (quasi)geoid would enable a widespread use of GNNS levelling. The possible use of the new national vertical datum or European vertical datum is discussed.
In the present article a concept of establishing a digital database of marked alpine tracks (BAT) is given. Apart from theoretical bases, a research on the existing databases and their management was ...performed. A general concept for the entire geolocated BAT for Slovenia was made, especially regarding the spatial component of presenting topographical data. In addition, a proposal of a detailed logical/relational model of the database was made, including all definitions and shapes of future data that should be included in BAT. All this provided the groundwork for making a test sample of a physical model for BAT, based on the collection of spatial data by vectorizing the existing digital raster maps, and also by GPS surveying on the field.
The geometry of the Planica ski jump was established on the basis of geodetic measurements. The results of precise measurement were used for the reconstruction of the ski jump during 2003 and 2004. ...The comparison of results of geodetic measurements with FIS regulations and data of the constructing engineers is represented. On the basis of comparison of theoretical requirements and actual geometry of the ski jump with and without snow, one can identify the disadvantages of the construction and improve the geometry of the ski jump.
