Among the political and cultural strategies that were used in the court of Ilkhans was their view and approach towards religion and religious minorities. Many have considered this type of Mongol ...government's view of religion and religious affairs as religious tolerance, which made people of different religions appear in the court of Ilkhans and reach high levels of government. Also, the Mughal rulers themselves had different religions in different periods of the Ilkhanid era or were interested in supporting a particular religion. Abrahamic religions are among the religions that became very popular in the Mongol era, and many works of art are influenced by these religions. Among the famous artistic works of the Ilkhanid era, there is a manuscript of Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamdani's comprehensive chronicles, which was written and illustrated during his ministry. This version is a historical book and contains the history of myths, beliefs and culture of Turko-Mongol tribes and other tribes and religions. In this research, an attempt is made to study the conditions and the presence of Abrahamic religions in the Ilkhanid era and to find its representation in the illustrations of the comprehensive edition of al-Tawarikh Rashid al-Din. And let's answer this question, why we see the peaceful coexistence of images from the religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the images of Jame Al-Tawarikh Rashiduddin. This research is done in an analytical-descriptive way and the data analysis will be qualitative. The results are indicative of this: due to the tolerance and religious tolerance that was present in the era of the Ilkhans, in the compilation and writing of the comprehensive version of al-Tawarikh, we see the presence of pictures with Jewish, Christian and Islamic themes (Abrahamic religions) side by side.
Paper discusses unique characteristics of the Škocjan Caves and karst surrounding with special consideration on natural phenomena recognized by UNESCO as globally outstanding. Besides UNESCO’s ...recognition of natural phenomena, the area is rich also with cultural heritage dated back to several thousands of years and inhabited nowadays. Present-day rural land use and architecture complement natural characteristics contribute to aesthetic value of the well-conserved area. The paper addresses main problems that threaten sustainable management of the area, namely pollution by the sinking Reka River and tourism. Despite cessation of strong organic pollution of the Reka River in 1990s and some precursory mitigation afterward, threat of pollution by active and past activities still exist. To prevent negative impacts the tourism management plan is prepared regularly and implemented by the park’s manager. The latter invests income from tourism and other funds into infrastructure that minimizes impact on the cave and its surroundings. All important climatic, biologic and geomorphic parameters are monitored, and results shared within the park’s expert council and at occasional international conferences. Continuous research and adoption of regular monitoring are important to predict future trends and to preserve cave in the frame of sustainable cave management.
Decorative Kufic is one of the most archaic scripts utilized in the architectural inscriptions of Islamic buildings. Elegance and beauty of the decorative Kufic script is well-documented in Persian ...inscriptions, esp. Heydarieh and Jame (Congregation) mosques in Qazvin, both dating back to Seljuk dynasty. The present study aims to identify and extract all letters found in these inscriptions and to investigate their decorative and structural features, as well as any similarities or differences. We try to answer the following questions:How are written, geometric or vegetal decorative uses of the Kufic script similar or different in these two inscriptions?Have structure and design of Kufic inscriptions in Heydarieh and Jame mosques affected one another?The present study is descriptive-analytic, but it is laboratory-based as well, and it is aided by field observations. The findings indicate that there are some common features in written structure and vegetal decorations of the inscriptions. Heydarieh mosque was built a few years later than Jame mosque, and consequently some influences can be traced in its inscriptions. In Heydarieh’s inscription, geometric designs as well as written and vegetal decorations are employed. It excels in decoration, utilizing a new structure with slant letters, and geometric and connective knots which demonstrates the advances in the structure of the Persian Kufic script. Due to the explanatory power manifested in the structure of these two buildings, a sort of strength, coherence and balance is felt in the architectural space of these buildings. These prominent features can be employed by graphic designers to devise new letters and patterns.The stucco Kufic inscriptions of these monuments (Heydarieh and Jame mosques) date back to Seljuk dynasty, and their basic components and structural features can be categorized into three sections: a) written b) geometric, and c) vegetal. If you examine and compare the letters of both inscriptions in vertical, horizontal, and diagonal axes- as well as round, curved, and angled movements of letters in harmony with geometric designs- you will notice that all letters are in a geometric mold. The letter designing standards are precisely and creatively observed. This reminds us of the skill of ancient letter designers or calligraphers whose precious heritage may guide the modern letter designers. As well as straight and angled lines, curved and ornamental features are also evident in these inscriptions. For instance, the Kufic letter Ain (ع) in both inscriptions follows a circular structure and format which creates main and virtual grids with the base line; quite similar to modern letter designs such as monogram and logotype. Since decorative Kufic script enjoys a geometric structure, the artists were simultaneously able to precisely and proportionately expand circles and angles in all directions of the inscription. Kufic scripts are highly applicable on different surfaces, using different materials and techniques. The stuccos in Heydarieh and Jame mosques employ foliated Kufic script, with a beautiful and varied structure, on a vegetal background in which all letters and words end in decorative and arabesque leaves.Observing a definite structure is a prerequisite for any work of art which is subjected to specific principles and rules. One of the main constituents of inscriptions is simultaneous incorporation of written, geometric and vegetal decoration, but there are other components which should also be taken into account including: placement, ratio and relation of the inscription to the building space, and the location of religious and non-religious architecture in the urban space which emphasize the status of inscriptions among the Muslims. It can be noted that in Seljuk dynasty, inscription makers -as calligraphy artists and letter designing specialists- felt free to introduce structural and aesthetical innovations to Kufic inscriptions.After examining the letters of these two precious inscriptions, it can be concluded that in order to create a set of letters, the artists or calligraphers of any historical period are obliged to create a geometrical mold in which the thickness of letters in two fonts (thick, and slender) are observed. Even the combination of two structures with different angles and curvature can lead to designing innovative letters and decorative signs. All the above factors depend on the structural rules, execution limitations, and precise proportions regarding the base line, as well as creating a virtual grid of horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines.
Occurrence of Quercus banatus P. Kučera (= Q. aurea Wierzb., nom illeg.; Q. dalechampii auct. medioeur. non Ten.) was confirmed in Slovenia during a brief trip to Škocjan Caves in the Škocjan Caves ...Regional Park (southwestern Slovenia). The species is not recognized in the national Slovenian flora – Mala flora Slovenije, although it was recorded in the Atlas Florae Europaeae (under the name “Q. dalechampii”). Q. banatus individuals were recently found on two sites: on the slope of a natural bridge between collapse dolines Velika dolina and Mala dolina and on parking lot next to the Park’s Information Centre.
Problem Definition: "Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bondarabad" complex in Yazd is a historical building founded in the 7th century A.H. by a religious mystic, Sheikh Taqi al-Din Dada Muhammad, in the village ...of Bondarabad. This complex includes a mosque, monastery, mausoleum, reservoir, protective towers, and other side buildings that have been formed over several years, different parts of which have various decorations. For example, the pulpit of the Grand (Jame) Mosque of this building has many decorative motifs. Therefore, the historical importance of this building, as well as the decorative motifs used in the pulpit of its Grand Mosque, necessitated the present research, and during it, the following questions are answered: What kind of decorative motifs does the pulpit of the Grand Mosque of Sultan Mahmud Shah Bondarabad have? What meanings and concepts do these motifs have?Objective: The current research aims to identify the decorative motifs of the pulpit of the Grand Mosque of Sultan Mahmud Shah in Bondarabad, Yazd, as well as to know their hidden meanings and concepts.Research Method: The current research has studied the pulpit of Sultan Mahmud Shah Grand Mosque in Bondarabad, Yazd, using a descriptive-analytical method and qualitatively analyzed library, documentary, and field information.Results: The findings of the present research show that the pulpit of the Grand Mosque of this historical building has been decorated with floral, geometric, inscriptions, and calligraphy motifs. Its plant motifs include Khataei and Arabesque, and its calligraphy motifs include Thulth and Kufic Banaei scripts, and the texts of the inscriptions also express the principle of monotheism and prophethood, the flow of the word of God from the position of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), and the belief of the Shiites of the Twelve Imams. Also, its geometric motifs include five-pointed stars and a ten-pointed sun, which form the eight-twelve Pili knot.
The language of paraphrase (taa’wil, In Arabic: تاویل ) uses divine unseen (gheiybi, غیب) signs to shape the mosque institution. There are mosques and praying rituals for all realms: Literal (Mulki, ...مُلکی), Ethereal (Mithaali, مثالی), and Spiritual (Malakuti, ملکوتی). The rituals accomplish in mosque architecture in the hierarchy of being. The authority helps to explain the unseen concepts by paraphrase. The research questions are what factors have led to the manifestation of hidden ideas in the architecture of the Isfahan Jame Mosque objectively? And what are the evidence of unseen confirmations which led to introspection and personal approach? This research aims to answer the questions raised, then used a qualitative research method and describes the case study by using an analytical-introspective survey in combination with grounded theory to elucidate unseen concepts as esoteric meanings of architecture, in place and time. Numerous issues of the invisible architecture of mosque explain how to convert this mosque to desirable ones in the future. The architecture of the Jame Mosque of Isfahan is a live example of unseen architecture. It has a close relationship with esoteric literature of not only its era but also for all periods of history. Issues of the invisible architecture of the mosque explain how to convert this mosque to desirable ones in the future.
In the midst of the written legacy of the past, we sometimes come across valuable copies that have been left unknown and neglected for some reason.One of these works is the manuscript of "Jame ...Al-Loghat" by Mullah Mohammad Jafar Nodushani, of which only a unique copy is in the author's own handwriting.He completed this three-volume dictionary in 1258 AH, during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar.This dictionary is a kind of bilingual dictionary that has been translated from Arabic to Persian based on "Sahah" and "Qamoos" and using other dictionaries.In compiling this dictionary, in contrast to Arabic words, the author has mentioned its Persian meanings, which is on his own, and among these bilingual synonyms, pure Persian words can also be seen, which is one of the key values of this dictionary and is one of Through them, one can know the original Persian dialects and words. The present study, with an analytical-descriptive method, examines the written, structural and linguistic features of this version and then expresses its slips and values. One of the important features of this book is the use of simple, short sentences, avoiding confusing and elusive language, and avoiding rhetoric and homework. It is valuable in terms of Persian equivalents for Arabic words.
Utjecaj potresa na tlo Banovine Šimunić, Antun; Vidaček, Željko; Svoboda, Bogdan
Agronomski glasnik,
02/2022, Volume:
83, Issue:
1-2
Journal Article, Paper
Open access
Na temelju terenskih istraživanje i podataka iz dostupne literature smatramo da su urušene jame na području Borojevića i Mečenčana nastale na dva načina. Najviše ih je nastalo uslijed likvefakcije ...tla koju su izazvali potresi, a manji dio je nastao djelovanjem sufozije koja je uslijedila nakon izgradnje velikog vodocrpilišta „Pašino vrelo“. Na kraju je dan prijedlog kako se može spriječiti postanak novih jama. Slijedom aktualnih događanja i mogućih posljedica, analizirane su pedološke značajke i oštećenja poljoprivrednog zemljišta na području urušenih jama. Na kraju, preporučamo agromelioracjske mjere za formiranje i racionalno korištenje novog produktivnog površinskog sloja tla okućnica, obradivih tala i travnjaka.
Based on field research and data from the available literature, we believe that the collapsed holes in the area of Borojević and Mečenčani were formed in two ways. Most of them were caused by the liquefaction of the soil caused by earthquakes, and a smaller part was caused by the action of suffusion that followed the construction of a large water pumping station at Pašino vrelo. Finally, a suggestion was made on how to prevent the formation of new collapsed holes. Following current events and possible consequences, we analyze the pedological characteristics and damage of agricultural land in the area of collapsed holes. Finally, we recommend agro-ameliorative measures for the formation and rational use of a new productive soil surface layer of garden, arable land and grassland.
Based on micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and optical microscopy, this paper presents the results of our analytical ...studies on the early Islamic pigments used in the Masjid-i Jame of Fahraj, central Iran. Our investigations showed that ultramarine blue and haematite were used as blue and red pigments, respectively. Moreover, huntite was identified as white pigment with which whewellite was associated as a degradation product. Interestingly, the black paint was identified to be mainly composed of black plattnerite mixed with mimetite, hydromorphite and galena. Our geological survey at the Darreh Zanjir mine, located 35 km west of Fahraj, suggested this mine to be a possible source for supplying the black plattnerite. Accordingly, black plattnerite is suggested to be most probably used as a pigment and not to have formed as a degradation product of lead-based pigments.
•Plattnerite is a black colourant used as an archaeological black pigment.•Huntite is widely used in Iran as a white pigment.•The Darreh Zanjir mine is probably the source of supplying the black pigment of the Masjid-i Jame of Fahraj.•Natural oxalates are usual degradation products of white huntite.
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