Marx's Inferno Roberts, William Clare
2016, 2016., 20161220, 2016-12-20
eBook
Marx's Infernoreconstructs the major arguments of Karl Marx'sCapitaland inaugurates a completely new reading of a seminal classic. Rather than offering a critique of classical political economy, ...William Roberts argues thatCapitalwas primarily a careful engagement with the motives and aims of the workers' movement. Understood in this light,Capitalemerges as a profound work of political theory. Placing Marx against the background of nineteenth-century socialism, Roberts shows howCapitalwas ingeniously modeled on Dante'sInferno, and how Marx revised republican ideas of freedom in response to the rise of capitalism. Combining research on Marx's interlocutors, textual scholarship, and forays into recent debates, Roberts traces the continuities linking Marx's theory of capitalism to the tradition of republican political thought. He immerses the reader in socialist debates from the past, showing how they speak to ever-renewed concerns about political life in today's world.
Od devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća učestala su sociološka istraživanja međugeneracijske transmisije kulturnog kapitala potaknuta Bourdieuovom teorijom kulturne reprodukcije. U njihovu je fokusu ...uglavnom bila analiza utjecaja roditeljskoga kulturnog kapitala na djecu školske dobi. Ovaj je rad problematizirao vezu roditeljskoga glazbenog kulturnog kapitala i glazbene socijalizacije dobne skupine koja je u dosadašnjim istraživanjima bila zanemarena – djece rane i predškolske dobi. Bourdieuova teza o trima oblicima kulturnog kapitala operacionalizirana je u području glazbe. Kao indikatori institucionaliziranoga glazbenog kulturnog kapitala roditelja korišteni su opće i glazbeno obrazovanje, utjelovljenoga glazbeni angažman roditelja i djece i roditeljske glazbene odgojne prakse, a objektiviranoga materijalni glazbeni resursi koje obitelj posjeduje i kojim se koriste u procesu glazbene socijalizacije. Istraživanje je provedeno 2013. godine metodom ankete na uzorku roditelja čija djeca pohađaju vrtić na području grada Rijeke (N = 342). Kod većine obitelji učestalo je prakticiranje glazbenih aktivnosti s djecom, posjedovanje glazbenih resursa koji te aktivnosti omogućuju, ali i vrlo ograničeno uključivanje djece u izvanvrtićke glazbene aktivnosti. Pronađene su razmjerno slabe veze roditeljskoga općeg i glazbenog obrazovanja s oblicima glazbenih odgojnih praksi i posjedovanja glazbenih materijalnih resursa. Na transmisiju glazbenog kapitala snažnije, ali još uvijek relativno slabo, utječu glazbeno obrazovanje roditelja i prošli ili sadašnji roditeljski glazbeni angažman od njihova općeg obrazovanja. Zaključno, glazbena socijalizacija djece te dobi nema, u burdijeovskom smislu, distinktivnu funkciju transmisije kulturnog kapitala, nego se zbiva u sklopu rodnog obrasca roditeljske brige za dijete rane i predškolske dobi, prema kojem je majka u svim dimenzijama (glazbene) socijalizacije angažiranija od oca.
Interactions between project creators and backers on the crowdfunding platform represent the linchpin of every campaign. However, the resulting internal social capital has received little academic ...attention. To address this topic, we frame how internal social capital can develop through project track record and how internal social capital can spill over to external online communities. Focusing on the long–term implications of these manifestations of social capital, we empirically assess whether they can increase funding success beyond a single campaign. We test our hypotheses with two data sets derived from platform and survey sources and find support for the proposed relationships.
Formålet med lærerspesialistordningen og utdanningen var å gi lærere faglige utviklingsmuligheter og å styrke det kollektive profesjonsfellesskapet. I denne artikkelen løfter vi frem hvordan ti ...lærerspesialiststudenter i kroppsøving reflekterer over profesjonsutvikling og profesjonsfellesskap. Empirien er studentenes eksamenstekster. Vi analyserer tekstene med utgangspunkt i Hargreaves og Fullans forståelse av sosial kapital.Studien viser hvordan informantene vektlegger profesjonsfellesskapet ved sin egen skole og lærerspesialiststudiet som sentralt for profesjonsutviklingen, men at de opplever ulik grad av støtte fra ledelsen og fagkollegaene på skolen. Flere av informantene savner bedre strukturer for å sikre kroppsøvingslærerne et refleksjonsfellesskap som kan bidra til profesjonsutvikling.Et hovedfunn er at lærerspesialiststudiet har blitt opplevd som et faglig utviklende refleksjonsfellesskap der nye faglige perspektiver ble tatt i bruk for å reflektere over problemstillinger knyttet til studentenes profesjonsutøvelse. Det kan ha bidratt til å styrke den samlede sosiale kapital knyttet til kroppsøving på den enkelte skole.
A 'social trap' is a situation where individuals, groups or organisations are unable to cooperate owing to mutual distrust and lack of social capital, even where cooperation would benefit all. ...Examples include civil strife, pervasive corruption, ethnic discrimination, depletion of natural resources and misuse of social insurance systems. Much has been written attempting to explain the problem, but rather less material is available on how to escape it. In this book, Bo Rothstein explores how social capital and social trust are generated and what governments can do about it. He argues that it is the existence of universal and impartial political institutions together with public policies which enhance social and economic equality that creates social capital. By introducing the theory of collective memory into the discussion, Rothstein makes an empirical and theoretical claim for how universal institutions can be established.
In this paper, we focus attention on serial crowdfunders, that is, entrepreneurs who repeatedly turn to crowdfunding to finance their projects. We argue that serial crowdfunders take advantage of the ...social contacts with those that backed their previous campaigns. This internal social capital developed within the platform, which is not available to “normal” serial entrepreneurs, makes serial crowdfunders’ campaigns more successful than those launched by novice crowdfunders. However, this type of social capital is a substitute for the internal social capital built by backing other campaigns, and has a limited lifespan. Econometric results on a sample of 31,389 Kickstarter campaigns confirm our contentions. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Social capital theorists have shown that inequality arises in part because some people enjoy larger, more supportive, or otherwise more useful networks. But why do some people have better networks ...than others? This book argues that the answer lies less in people's deliberate “networking” than in the institutional conditions of the churches, colleges, firms, gyms, and other organizations in which they happen to participate routinely. This book introduces a model of social inequality that takes seriously the embeddedness of networks in formal organizations, proposing that what people gain from their connections depends on where those connections are formed and sustained. The model is illustrated and developed through a study of the experiences of mothers whose children were enrolled in New York City childcare centers. As a result of the routine practices and institutional conditions of the centers—from the structure of their parents' associations, to apparently innocuous rules such as pick‐up and drop‐off times—many of these mothers dramatically increased their social capital and measurably improved their wellbeing. Yet how much they gained depended on how their respective centers were organized. This book identifies the mechanisms through which childcare centers structured the networks of mothers, and shows that similar mechanisms operate in many other routine organizations, from beauty salons and bath houses to colleges and churches. The book makes a case for the importance of organizational embeddedness in the study of personal ties.
Presents an account and technical assessment of Marx's economic analysis in Capital, with particular reference to the transformation and the surplus-value doctrine, the reproduction schemes, the ...falling real-wage and profit rates, and the trade cycle. The focus is on criticisms that Marx himself might have been expected to face in his day and age. In addition, it offers a chronological study of the evolution of that analysis from the early 1840s through three 'drafts': documents of the late 1840s, the Grundrisse of 1857–1858, and the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863. It also provides three studies in application, focusing on Marx's 'evolutionary' orientation in his evaluation of the transition to communism and his rejection of 'egalitarianism' under both capitalist and communist regimes; his evolving perspective on the role of the industrial 'entrepreneur'; and his evolving appreciation of the prospects for welfare reform within capitalism.
This lecture focuses on the costs of public debt when safe interest rates are low. I develop four main arguments. First, I show that the current US situation, in which safe interest rates are ...expected to remain below growth rates for a long time, is more the historical norm than the exception. If the future is like the past, this implies that debt rollovers, that is the issuance of debt without a later increase in taxes, may well be feasible. Put bluntly, public debt may have no fiscal cost. Second, even in the absence of fiscal costs, public debt reduces capital accumulation, and may therefore have welfare costs. I show that welfare costs may be smaller than typically assumed. The reason is that the safe rate is the risk-adjusted rate of return to capital. If it is lower than the growth rate, it indicates that the risk-adjusted rate of return to capital is in fact low. The average risky rate however also plays a role. I show how both the average risky rate and the average safe rate determine welfare outcomes. Third, I look at the evidence on the average risky rate, i.e., the average marginal product of capital. While the measured rate of earnings has been and is still quite high, the evidence from asset markets suggests that the marginal product of capital may be lower, with the difference reflecting either mismeasurement of capital or rents. This matters for debt: the lower the marginal product, the lower the welfare cost of debt. Fourth, I discuss a number of arguments against high public debt, and in particular the existence of multiple equilibria where investors believe debt to be risky and, by requiring a risk premium, increase the fiscal burden and make debt effectively more risky. This is a very relevant argument, but it does not have straightforward implications for the appropriate level of debt. My purpose in the lecture is not to argue for more public debt, especially in the current political environment. It is to have a richer discussion of the costs of debt and of fiscal policy than is currently the case.
Artikkelen undersøker flyktningforeldres erfaringer i møte med norsk barnehage og baserer seg på semistrukturerte intervjuer med 12 foreldre, samt observasjonsmateriale fra hente- og ...bringesituasjoner i barnehagen. Følgende forskningsspørsmål er formulert: Hvordan opplever flyktningforeldre samarbeidet og møtet med barnehagen? Hvilke forhold i foreldresamarbeidet bidrar til tilhørighet og anerkjennelse? For å analysere funn fra studien anvendes Bourdieus (1995, 1996) teori om kulturell kapital, habitus og symbolsk makt, samt Berrys (1997, 2005) akkulturasjonsperspektiv. Funn fra studien diskuteres i lys av institusjonaliserte barnehagepraksiser, oppfatninger om foreldreskap, strukturelle og sosiale forhold, og endringsprosesser flyktninger gjennomgår i et nytt land og kultur. Funn viser at flyktningforeldrene opplever spenninger mellom gode erfaringer og usikkerhet i møte med barnehagen, og at manglende forståelse av kulturelle koder og språkbarrierer ser ut til å komplisere foreldresamarbeidet med barnehagen. I artikkelen argumenteres det for perspektiv om flytende integrasjon (Skrobanek & Jobst, 2019) som bedre egnet til å fange kulturell kompleksitet i flyktningers akkulturasjonsprosesser og de strukturerende samfunnsmessige mekanismer som former grupper og individers handlinger. For å bidra til økt anerkjennelse og tilhørighet i barnehagen, må barnehagepersonalet bevisstgjøres egne profesjonelle handlinger og utvikle mer fleksible og kultursensitive profesjonspraksiser i møte med flyktningforeldre. English abstract “We must do what Norwegians do, go hiking and stuff, and integrate”: Refugee parents’ experiences with ECEC The article examines refugee parents’ experiences in encounters with Norwegian kindergartens based on semi-structured routines with 12 parents, as well as observational material from pick-up and drop-off situations in the kindergarten. The following research question has been formulated: How do refugee parents perceive the cooperation and encounter with the kindergarten? What aspects of parental cooperation contribute to belonging and recognition? The findings are analysed using Bourdieu’s (1995, 1996) theory of cultural capital, habitus and symbolic power and Berry’s (1997, 2005) acculturation perspective. Findings from the study are discussed considering institutionalised ECE practices, perceptions of parenthood, structural and social conditions, and change processes refugees undergo in a new country and culture. Findings show that refugee parents experience tensions between good experiences and uncertainty in their encounters with ECE. A lack of understanding of the cultural codes and language barrier complicate parental cooperation with the kindergarten. The article argues for the perspective of fluid integration (Skrobanek & Jobst, 2019) as better suited to capturing cultural complexity in refugees’ acculturation processes and structuring social mechanisms that shape the actions of groups and individuals. To increase recognition and belonging in kindergartens, kindergarten staff must be aware of their professional practices and develop more flexible and culturally sensitive professional practices in their encounters with refugee parents.
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