The blockchain technology has potential applications in various areas such as smart-contracts, Internet of Things (IoT), land registry, supply chain management, storing medical data, and identity ...management. Although GitHub currently hosts more than six thousand active Blockchain software (BCS) projects, few software engineering researchers have investigated these projects and their contributors. Although the number of BCS projects is growing rapidly, the motivations, challenges, and needs of BCS developers remain a puzzle. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is
to understand the motivations, challenges, and needs of BCS developers and analyze the differences between BCS and non-BCS development
. On this goal, we sent an online survey to 1,604 active BCS developers identified by mining the GitHub repositories of 145 popular BCS projects. The survey received 156 responses that met our criteria for analysis. The results suggest that the majority of the BCS developers are experienced in non-BCS development and are primarily motivated by the ideology of creating a decentralized financial system. Although most of the BCS projects are Open Source Software (OSS) projects by nature, more than 93% of our respondents found BCS development somewhat different from a non-BCS development as BCS projects have higher emphasis on security and reliability than most of the non-BCS projects. Other differences include: higher costs of defects, decentralized and hostile environment, technological complexity, and difficulty in upgrading the software after release. These differences were also the primary sources of challenges to them. Software development tools that are tuned for non-BCS development are inadequate for BCS and the ecosystem needs an array of new or improved tools, such as: customized IDE for BCS development tasks, debuggers for smart-contracts, testing support, easily deployable simulators, and BCS domain specific design notations.
This volume presents the first results of the authors' research work on the community of Florence in the Catasto Generale Toscano. Activated in 1834, the Catasto Generale Toscano records real estate ...based, for the first time in the history of the Grand Duchy, on the topographical survey of the entire territory of the State and the description and valuation of all stable property. The cadastre is thus the ideal source for reconstructing the urban situation of Florence in the Restoration era, represented here by means of a series of cartographic elaborations and a database in geometric, functional, typological and proprietary terms. An additional cartographic series highlights the persistences and variations of the present city compared to the nineteenth-century one. The digital resources (cartographic representations and databases) can be freely consulted via the QR code on the cover or here.
This article furthers a sociomaterial framework to examine inter-organizational boundaries in government IT projects. It engages in a dialogue with the practice theory-based approach to boundary ...spanning and utilizes analytical tools and epistemologies drawn from the social studies of technology. It aims to contribute to a situated, material understanding of inter-organizational boundaries. We argue that boundaries in outsourcing relationships can be de facto enacted through definitions of what counts as relevant knowledge. Information systems have a key role in eliciting such definitions, thus establishing knowledge asymmetries and regimes of inclusion and exclusion. The article responds to the call to value the role of artefacts in IT research. Furthermore, it eventually shows that understanding knowledge asymmetries triggered at the micro-level of information systems can help to examine macro-scale transformations between the public and the private sectors. To illustrate the framework, two ethnographic case studies of governmental IT projects are discussed. The first case concerns a permit and licence submission service in Italy. The second case analyses a 20-year-long database integration carried on at the Dutch land registry. In the first case, information systems made relevant a form of knowledge developed by contractors; in the second case, the integration process valued knowledge developed in-house. Three sets of implications are drawn for the theory and practice of inter-organizational IT projects. To conclude, the article focuses on inter-organizational boundaries involving the public and the private sectors and foresees a novel interdisciplinary research direction at the confluence of information systems and political studies.
•Fundamental spatio-temporal changes of wetlands took place in the lowland areas of the Czech Republic.•Wetlands mostly disappeared in favour of arable land due to extensive agricultural ...management.•Results help to understand historical dynamics of wetlands at the landscape level.•Methodology helps to determine continuous biotopes and locations for wetland restoration.
Wetland biotopes play many roles in the landscape. The primary objective of this study was to analyse historical long-term changes of wetlands in the lowland areas of the Czech Republic, with emphasis on their spatio-temporal changes in the landscape and with stress on the use of different types of information sources. The following research questions were asked: (1) What are the wetland spatio-temporal changes (expressed through the number and size of continuously existing, extinct, and recent wetlands) and wetland change trajectories (expressed by quantifying and localising LULC categories that replaced extinct wetlands as well as categories of LULC at the expense of which wetlands occur) in the lowland landscape of the Czech Republic? (2) What methodological conclusions and recommendations for the investigation of wetland changes in a landscape can be derived from the study? The sources used for the study included historical maps from the Stable Land Registry 1841, a current orthophoto map (2015), the DIBAVOD database, LPIS Land-Parcel Identification System database verification, the Czech Land Registry, and field mapping (2015). Three wetland biotope types were examined: swamps and marshes, waterlogged meadows, and waterlogged woody vegetation. Spatial analysis using GIS tools (intersection, symmetrical difference) was performed to analyse the spatio-temporal wetland changes. The total wetland area has decreased dramatically from 5762ha (over 9.5% of the territory included in the study) in 1825–1843 to 54ha (0.9%) in 2014. Extinct wetlands predominate (99.1%) in the area, whilst recent and continuous wetlands are nearly identical (0.5% and 0.4%, respectively). A selected sample of 10 cadastral districts was used to examine the error against the DIBAVOD method and find that the error is relatively low (0.13%). The results of this study document fundamental spatio-temporal changes (expressed through change trajectories) of wetland biotopes at the landscape level in the lowland and hilly areas of the Czech Republic. The most frequent change type is wetland loss in favour of arable land (nearly one-half of all wetlands) due to extensive agricultural management. The use of the DIBAVOD method is effective, taking the relatively low error into account. The results of the study substantially contribute to the development of methods for the investigation of spatio-temporal changes in wetlands and other selected biotopes in the context of the landscape.
Prawo własności jest najważniejszym prawem rzeczowym. Jest ono fundamentem prawidłowo funkcjonującego społeczeństwa oraz zrównoważonej gospodarki. Obowiązujące przepisy w szczegółowy sposób opisują ...rolę właściciela w trakcie realizacji procesów geodezyjno-prawnych i postępowań administracyjnych związanych z nieruchomościami. Sytuacja komplikuje się w przypadku gruntów o nieuregulowanym stanie prawnym. Gdy nie jest możliwe ustalenie właściciela nieruchomości, wówczas w ewidencji wykazuje się dane osób i jednostek organizacyjnych, które tymi gruntami władają na zasadach samoistnego posiadania. Posiadacz samoistny faktycznie włada nieruchomością jak właściciel, jednak jego rola w postępowaniach administracyjnych takich jak rozgraniczenie nieruchomości, czy też w procesach geodezyjno-prawnych nie jest jednoznaczna. Artykuł ma na celu scharakteryzowanie osoby posiadacza samoistnego oraz określenie roli jaką przyjmuje on m.in. przy ustaleniu przebiegu granic, rozgraniczeniu nieruchomości, wznowieniu znaków granicznych czy scaleniu i wymianie gruntów. Przedmiotem badań będą prawa i obowiązki posiadacza samoistnego. Wskazane zostaną możliwe rozwiązania legislacyjne, pozwalające na sprawne i skuteczne przeprowadzenie analizowanych procedur i postępowań, a zarazem zapewniające poszanowanie praw do nieruchomości.
The Franzican Cadastre was a most successful attempt of the Habsburg monarchy to organize its lands with regard to land valuation and taxation into a uniform legal space. With the help of a proven ...methodology and on a broad basis of social, economic and social history, for the first time a comprehensive source edition is presented here for Austrian Silesia.
Der Franziszeische Kataster war der höchst erfolgreiche Versuch der Habsburgermonarchie ihre Länder in einem einheitlichen Rechtsraum im Hinblick auf Bodenbewertung und Steuerwesen zu organisieren. Mit Hilfe einer erprobten Methodik wird hier erstmals für österreichisch Schlesien eine umfangreiche Quellenedition auf breiter sozial-, wirtschafts- wie gesellschaftsgeschichtlicher Basis vorgelegt.
Well-functioning cadasters help to secure property rights, make economies perform more efficiently and promote environmental conservation. However, their equity effects are less known. Our study ...addresses how and to what extent cadasters, and reforms to them, affect equity. We address this question through an ex-ante simulation methodology using static partial equilibrium fiscal incidence analysis. We apply it to a recent expansion of the cadaster in Colombia, designed as a deliberate equalisation strategy in one of the world's most unequal countries. This expansion will increase the collection of property taxes paid by previously informal households by about US$ 22.1 million and their net worth by about US$ 4,993 million (or about 3.2 and 4.9 per cent of their baseline value). However, the expansion of the cadaster will also increase the incidence of poverty (by 0.25 per cent points), the poverty gap (by 0.20 per cent points) and inequality (by 0.12 per cent points of the Gini index), unless generous compensatory interventions are applied. We conclude that equity effects of cadasters are complex and multiple. Policy-wide, compensatory measures are needed to alleviate the immediate impacts on poverty and inequality after the increase in taxes that vulnerable and poor households will likely face following a cadaster reform.
Real property rights and public regulations are vital for effective land management They are part of a nation's legal system. The applied national terminology and descriptions may therefore not be ...used as basis for an international information interchange. A neutral and legal system independent model describing real property rights and public regulations would further an international use of information based on standardized descriptions. The Legal Cadastral Domain Model (LCDM) is an attempt to facilitate such descriptions.
Land use land cover mapping practices over period in Madurai district varies due to increase of urban and rural migration. Valuation of land in urban areas is very important tool towards economic ...impact on human communities. Madurai is a temple city located on Vagai river bank which attract most tourists and also increase the urban areas due to various factors such as rural migration, Population increase. With the evidence from Government Land Register (GLR) and Present Market Rate (PMR )Values the Population is directly proportional to the value of land. Population increase last 12 years and built-up areas also increased. This paper studies the urban sprawl using land use land cover changes over the period of 2007 to 2019 between GLR and PMR values as per real estate practices in India. Using GIS techniques the analysis of urban sprawl of the city as well GLR, PMR values relationship by interpolation method to assess the land valuation practices which followed by Government of India.
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